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decisive issue

  • 1 решающий вопрос

    2) Military: crucial issue
    4) Mass media: decisive issue

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > решающий вопрос

  • 2 ἄκριτος

    ἄκρῐτος, ον, ([etym.] κρίνω)
    A undistinguishable, confused,

    ἄκριτα πόλλ' ἀγορεύειν Od.8.505

    ; τύμβος ἄ. one common undistinguished grave, Il. 7.337; ἄ. πάγος confused mass, Hp.Septim.6, cf. Pl.Grg. 465d, Philostr. Gym.26;

    ἄ. ἔρις καὶ ταραχή D.18.18

    ;

    ἄ. καιροί Demad.34

    .
    2 continual, unceasing,

    μῦθοι Il.2.796

    ;

    ἄχεα 3.412

    : neut. as Adv.,

    πενθήμεναι ἄκριτον αἰεί Od.18.174

    , 19.120;

    δηρὸν καὶ ἄ. h.Merc. 126

    ; ὄρος ἄ. continuous chain of mountains, AP6.225 (Nicaen.).
    3 after Hom. in poets, countless,

    ἄστρων ὄχλος Critias 19

    ;

    μυρία φῦλα καὶ ἄ. Opp.H.1.80

    ;

    ἄ. πλήθει Babr.33.3

    .
    II undecided, doubtful, νείκεα, ἄεθλος, Il.14.205, Hes.Sc. 311; ἄ. τελευταί which cannot be predicted, B.9.45; ἀκρίτων ὄντων while the issue is doubtful, Th.4.20; uncertain, of weather-signs,

    Ὠρίων Arist.Mete. 361b31

    ; πυρετὸς ἄ. fever that will not come to a crisis, Hp.Acut.(Sp.) 17. Adv.

    - τως Id.Epid.1.3

    ; τὸ ἀκρίτως ξυνεχὲς τῆς ἁμίλλης without decisive issue, Th.7.71: neut.pl.as Adv.,

    ἄκριτα δηρινθέντες Euph.94.3

    .
    2 unjudged, untried, of persons and things, ἀκρίτους κτείνειν, ἀποκτεῖναι without trial, Hdt.3.80, Th.2.67, cf.Lys.19.7, D.17.3;

    ἄ. ἀποθανεῖν Antipho 5.48

    , cf. Th.8.48, etc.; πρᾶγμα ἄ. cause not yet tried, Isoc.19.2, cf. Pl.Ti. 51c:—also, subject to no judge,

    πρύτανις A.Supp. 371

    . Adv.

    ἀκρίτως, ἀποκτείνειν D.H.11.43

    , cf. Conon 28.1, LXX 1 Ma. 2.37.
    III [voice] Act., not giving judgement, Hdt.8.124; not capable of judging, Parm.6.7, Plb.3.19.9, cf. Luc.Am.37; ἄκριτα μηχανώμενοι engaged in rash attempts, E.Andr. 549; κατ' ἄκριτον recklessly, Phld. Ir.p.69 W. Adv. - τως rashly, indiscreetly, Plb.2.7.2, Epict.Gnom. 65; indiscriminately,

    ἐκφέρειν Procl.in Prm.p.553S.

    2 not exercising judgement, undiscriminating, of fate, AP7.439 (Theodorid.), cf. 5.283 (Rufin.); ἄκριτε δαῖμον, of death, Epigr.Gr.204.3 (Cnid.).

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἄκριτος

  • 3 entscheiden

    (unreg.)
    I v/t
    1. (Streitfall etc.) decide, determine; endgültig: settle, resolve; Gericht: auch rule ( oder pronounce geh.) on, reach a verdict ( oder finding) on; das musst du entscheiden that’s ( oder it’s) up to you, that’s for you to say; der Fall ist noch nicht entschieden JUR. the case is not settled yet, the case is continuing
    2. (den Ausschlag geben) decide, settle, be decisive for; damit war die Sache entschieden that settled it ( oder the matter oder the issue); einen Kampf / Wettkampf etc. für sich entscheiden win ( oder emerge the winner in) a fight / competition
    II v/i
    1. (Urteil fällen, bestimmen) decide, rule, make the ( oder a) decision, determine JUR.; Gericht: auch rule; entscheiden über (+ Akk) decide (on) s.th., determine s.th.; in einem Fall / einer Frage entscheiden JUR. rule ( oder find) on a case / issue; zu jemandes Gunsten / Ungunsten entscheiden JUR. rule ( oder find) for ( oder in favour of) / against s.o.; es wurde gegen ihn ( oder zu seinen Ungunsten) entschieden JUR. he lost the case, they ( oder the court) found against him; über den Einsatz von Truppen entscheiden make a decision about sending troops in, decide whether to send troops in
    2. (den Ausschlag geben) be decisive, decide ( oder settle) the issue
    III v/refl
    1. Person: decide, make up one’s mind; er konnte sich nur schwer entscheiden he found it hard to make up his mind ( oder reach a decision); sich anders entscheiden change one’s mind, have a change of heart; sich für / gegen jemanden / etw. entscheiden decide in favo(u)r of / against s.o. / s.th.; sich für einen Bewerber / eine Alternative entscheiden choose ( oder select, decide on, decide in favo(u)r of, go for umg.) an applicant / alternative; sie haben sich schließlich für den teureren Wagen entschieden in the end they decided to get ( oder they went for oder chose) the more expensive car; sich entscheiden, etw. zu tun decide ( oder choose, opt, make up one’s mind) to do s.th.; wir haben uns entschieden, nicht hinzugehen we(‘ve) decided not to go ( oder against going)
    2. (sich herausstellen) be decided ( oder resolved, settled), be(come) clear, prove; wann wird es sich entscheiden, ob sie wieder gesund wird? when will they etc. know if she is going to get better?
    * * *
    (beschließen) to settle; to clinch; to decide;
    (schlichten) to arbitrate;
    sich entscheiden
    to come to a decision; to decide; to make up one's mind; to conclude; to opt
    * * *
    ent|schei|den [ɛnt'ʃaidn] pret entschied, [ɛnt'ʃiːt] ptp entschieden
    1. vt
    [ɛnt'ʃiːdn] to decide

    das Gericht entschied, dass... — the court decided or ruled that...

    entschéíden Sie, wie es gemacht werden soll! — you decide how it is to be done

    das Spiel/die Wahl ist entschieden/schon entschieden — the game/election has been decided/is already decided

    den Kampf/Krieg (um etw) für sich entschéíden — to secure victory in the struggle/battle (for sth)

    See:
    → auch entschieden
    2. vi
    (über +acc) to decide (on); (JUR AUCH) to rule (on)

    darüber habe ich nicht zu entschéíden — that is not for me to decide

    der Richter hat für/gegen den Kläger entschieden — the judge decided or ruled for/against the plaintiff

    3. vr
    (Mensch) to decide, to make up one's mind, to come to a decision; (Angelegenheit) to be decided

    sich für etw entschéíden — to decide in favour (Brit) or favor (US) of sth, to decide on sth

    sich für jdn entschéíden — to decide in favour (Brit) or favor (US) of sb

    sich gegen jdn/etw entschéíden — to decide against sb/sth

    jetzt wird es sich entschéíden, wer der Schnellere ist — now we'll see or settle who is the quicker

    * * *
    1) (as fast, energetically etc as possible: She worked flat out.) flat out
    2) (to (cause to) make up one's mind: I have decided to retire; What decided you against going?) decide
    3) (to settle or make the result (of something) etc certain: The last goal decided the match.) decide
    4) (to decide which is the best in a competition etc: Is she going to judge the singing competition again?; Who will be judging the vegetables at the flower show?; Who is judging at the horse show?) judge
    5) (to decide officially: The judge ruled that the witness should be heard.) rule
    * * *
    ent·schei·den *
    I. vt
    ▪ \entscheiden, dass/ob/was/wann/wie... to decide that/whether/what/when/how...; (gerichtlich) to rule that/whether/what/when/how...
    2. (endgültig klären)
    ▪ etw \entscheiden to settle sth
    ▪ etw [für jdn [o zugunsten einer Person]] \entscheiden to settle sth [in sb's favour [or AM -or]]
    ▪ entschieden sein to be decided
    noch ist nichts endgültig entschieden nothing has been finally decided yet
    ▪ etw für sich akk \entscheiden to win sth
    die Mannschaft konnte drei Spiele für sich \entscheiden the team secured victory in three games
    II. vi (beschließen) to decide
    hier entscheide ich! I make the decisions here!
    ▪ für/gegen jdn/etw \entscheiden to decide in favour [or AM -or] /against sb/sth; (gerichtlich) to rule in favour [or AM -or] /against sb/sth
    ▪ über etw akk \entscheiden to decide on sth
    III. vr
    1. (eine Entscheidung treffen)
    ▪ sich akk \entscheiden to decide ( zwischen + dat between), to reach [or come to] a decision
    ▪ sich akk [dazu] \entscheiden, etw zu tun to decide to do sth
    ich habe mich dazu entschieden, das Angebot anzunehmen I have decided to accept the offer
    ▪ sich akk für/gegen jdn/etw \entscheiden to decide in favour [or AM -or] /against sb/sth
    ▪ sich akk \entscheiden, ob/wann/wer/wie/wie viel... to be decided whether/when/who/how/how much...
    es hat sich noch nicht entschieden, wer die Stelle bekommen wird it hasn't been decided who will get the job
    * * *
    1.

    sich für/gegen jemanden/etwas entscheiden — decide on or in favour of/against somebody/something

    2) (entschieden werden) be decided

    morgen entscheidet es sich, ob... — I/we/you will know tomorrow whether...

    2.
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb

    über etwas (Akk.) entscheiden — decide on or settle something

    3.
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb
    1) (bestimmen) decide on < dispute>

    der Richter entschied, dass... — the judge decided or ruled that...

    2) (den Ausschlag geben für) decide <outcome, result>
    * * *
    A. v/t
    1. (Streitfall etc) decide, determine; endgültig: settle, resolve; Gericht: auch rule ( oder pronounce geh) on, reach a verdict ( oder finding) on;
    das musst du entscheiden that’s ( oder it’s) up to you, that’s for you to say;
    der Fall ist noch nicht entschieden JUR the case is not settled yet, the case is continuing
    2. (den Ausschlag geben) decide, settle, be decisive for;
    damit war die Sache entschieden that settled it ( oder the matter oder the issue);
    einen Kampf/Wettkampf etc
    für sich entscheiden win ( oder emerge the winner in) a fight/competition
    B. v/i
    1. (Urteil fällen, bestimmen) decide, rule, make the ( oder a) decision, determine JUR; Gericht: auch rule;
    entscheiden über (+akk) decide (on) sth, determine sth;
    in einem Fall/einer Frage entscheiden JUR rule ( oder find) on a case/issue;
    zu jemandes Gunsten/Ungunsten entscheiden JUR rule ( oder find) for ( oder in favour of)/against sb;
    entschieden JUR he lost the case, they ( oder the court) found against him;
    über den Einsatz von Truppen entscheiden make a decision about sending troops in, decide whether to send troops in
    2. (den Ausschlag geben) be decisive, decide ( oder settle) the issue
    C. v/r
    1. Person: decide, make up one’s mind;
    er konnte sich nur schwer entscheiden he found it hard to make up his mind ( oder reach a decision);
    sich anders entscheiden change one’s mind, have a change of heart;
    sich für/gegen jemanden/etwas entscheiden decide in favo(u)r of/against sb/sth;
    sich für einen Bewerber/eine Alternative entscheiden choose ( oder select, decide on, decide in favo(u)r of, go for umg) an applicant/alternative;
    sie haben sich schließlich für den teureren Wagen entschieden in the end they decided to get ( oder they went for oder chose) the more expensive car;
    sich entscheiden, etwas zu tun decide ( oder choose, opt, make up one’s mind) to do sth;
    wir haben uns entschieden, nicht hinzugehen we(’ve) decided not to go ( oder against going)
    2. (sich herausstellen) be decided ( oder resolved, settled), be(come) clear, prove;
    wann wird es sich entscheiden, ob sie wieder gesund wird? when will they etc know if she is going to get better?
    * * *
    1.

    sich für/gegen jemanden/etwas entscheiden — decide on or in favour of/against somebody/something

    2) (entschieden werden) be decided

    morgen entscheidet es sich, ob... — I/we/you will know tomorrow whether...

    2.
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb

    über etwas (Akk.) entscheiden — decide on or settle something

    3.
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb
    1) (bestimmen) decide on < dispute>

    der Richter entschied, dass... — the judge decided or ruled that...

    2) (den Ausschlag geben für) decide <outcome, result>
    * * *
    (über) v.
    to decide (on) v. v.
    to adjudicate v.
    to bring to an issue expr.
    to clinch v.
    to conclude v.
    to decide v.
    to determine v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > entscheiden

  • 4 Ausschlag

    m
    1. MED. rash; einen Ausschlag bekommen break ( oder come) out in a rash (Pickel: auch in spots)
    2. eines Zeigers: deflection; eines Pendels: swing
    3. fig.: den Ausschlag geben decide the issue, clinch matters; bei knappem Ergebnis: tip the balance, be the deciding factor; den Ausschlag geben für etw.: decide; bei einer Wahl etc., für jemanden: tip the scales in s.o.’s favo(u)r; er gab den Ausschlag für unseren Sieg without him we would have lost; das gab den Ausschlag für i-e Entscheidung that was the crucial factor in her decision
    * * *
    der Ausschlag
    efflorescence; eruption; rash
    * * *
    Aus|schlag
    m
    1) (MED) rash

    (einen) Áússchlag bekommen — to come out in or get a rash

    2) (von Zeiger etc) swing; (von Kompassnadel) deflection

    den Áússchlag geben (fig) — to be the decisive factor

    die Stimme des Vorsitzenden gibt den Áússchlag — the chairman has the casting vote

    * * *
    (a discoloured mark: Those red blotches on her face are very ugly.) blotch
    * * *
    Aus·schlag1
    m MED rash, exanthem[a] spec
    [von etw dat] \Ausschlag bekommen/haben to get/have got [or AM a. gotten] a rash from sth, to come/have come out in a rash
    Aus·schlag2
    m deflection
    [bei etw dat] den \Ausschlag geben to be the decisive factor [or prove decisive] [for/in sth]
    die Stimme des Vorsitzenden gibt den \Ausschlag the chair has the casting vote
    * * *

    [einen] Ausschlag bekommen — break out or come out in a rash

    2) (eines Zeigers) deflection; (eines Pendels) swing

    den Ausschlag geben — (fig.) turn or tipp the scales (fig.)

    das gab den Ausschlag für seine Entscheidung — that was the crucial factor in his decision; that decided him

    * * *
    1. MED rash;
    einen Ausschlag bekommen break ( oder come) out in a rash (Pickel: auch in spots)
    2. eines Zeigers: deflection; eines Pendels: swing
    3. fig:
    den Ausschlag geben decide the issue, clinch matters; bei knappem Ergebnis: tip the balance, be the deciding factor;
    den Ausschlag geben für etwas: decide; bei einer Wahl etc, für jemanden: tip the scales in sb’s favo(u)r;
    er gab den Ausschlag für unseren Sieg without him we would have lost;
    das gab den Ausschlag für i-e Entscheidung that was the crucial factor in her decision
    * * *

    [einen] Ausschlag bekommen — break out or come out in a rash

    2) (eines Zeigers) deflection; (eines Pendels) swing

    den Ausschlag geben — (fig.) turn or tipp the scales (fig.)

    das gab den Ausschlag für seine Entscheidung — that was the crucial factor in his decision; that decided him

    * * *
    m.
    deflection n.
    rash n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Ausschlag

  • 5 factor

    m.
    factor.
    * * *
    1 (gen) factor
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    factor, -a
    1. SM / F
    1) (Com) (=representante) agent, factor
    2) (Ferro) freight clerk
    2. SM
    1) (Mat) factor
    2) (=elemento) factor, element

    el factor suerte — the luck factor, the element of chance

    * * *
    1) (elemento, causa) factor
    2) (Mat) factor
    * * *
    = factor, issue.
    Ex. Accessibility to the documents stored in files is an important factor, so the physical storage is important.
    Ex. These issues are reviewed more thoroughly in chapter 10.
    ----
    * factor clave = key success factor, key factor.
    * factor condicionante = conditioning factor.
    * factor + contribuir = factor + contribute.
    * factor de atracción = pull factor.
    * factor decisivo = deciding factor, decisive factor, decider.
    * factor decisorio = decider.
    * factor de impacto = impact factor.
    * factor de impacto de la revista = journal impact, journal impact factor.
    * factor de impacto web = Web impact factor (WIF/Web-IF).
    * factor de multiplicación = multiplier.
    * factor de ponderación = weighting factor.
    * factor de rechazo = push factor.
    * factor de riesgo = risk factor.
    * factor determinante = determinant, determining factor.
    * factores económicos = economic forces.
    * factores políticos = political forces.
    * factores sociales = social forces.
    * factor estresante = stressor.
    * factor humano = human factor.
    * factor impacto en la web = Web impact factor (WIF/Web-IF).
    * factor importante = major force.
    * factor + influir = thread + pull upon.
    * factor influyente = force, influencer, force multiplier.
    * factor nivelador = levelling force.
    * factor socioeconómico = socioeconomic factor.
    * factor sorpresa = cuckoo factor, element of surprise.
    * factor tiempo = time factor.
    * factor vital = vital factor.
    * ponderación por factores = factor loading.
    * servir de factor de predicción de = be predictive of.
    * si no intervienen otros factores = ceteris paribus, all (other) things being equal.
    * * *
    1) (elemento, causa) factor
    2) (Mat) factor
    * * *
    = factor, issue.

    Ex: Accessibility to the documents stored in files is an important factor, so the physical storage is important.

    Ex: These issues are reviewed more thoroughly in chapter 10.
    * factor clave = key success factor, key factor.
    * factor condicionante = conditioning factor.
    * factor + contribuir = factor + contribute.
    * factor de atracción = pull factor.
    * factor decisivo = deciding factor, decisive factor, decider.
    * factor decisorio = decider.
    * factor de impacto = impact factor.
    * factor de impacto de la revista = journal impact, journal impact factor.
    * factor de impacto web = Web impact factor (WIF/Web-IF).
    * factor de multiplicación = multiplier.
    * factor de ponderación = weighting factor.
    * factor de rechazo = push factor.
    * factor de riesgo = risk factor.
    * factor determinante = determinant, determining factor.
    * factores económicos = economic forces.
    * factores políticos = political forces.
    * factores sociales = social forces.
    * factor estresante = stressor.
    * factor humano = human factor.
    * factor impacto en la web = Web impact factor (WIF/Web-IF).
    * factor importante = major force.
    * factor + influir = thread + pull upon.
    * factor influyente = force, influencer, force multiplier.
    * factor nivelador = levelling force.
    * factor socioeconómico = socioeconomic factor.
    * factor sorpresa = cuckoo factor, element of surprise.
    * factor tiempo = time factor.
    * factor vital = vital factor.
    * ponderación por factores = factor loading.
    * servir de factor de predicción de = be predictive of.
    * si no intervienen otros factores = ceteris paribus, all (other) things being equal.

    * * *
    A (elemento, causa) factor
    el factor tiempo the time factor
    varios factores incidieron en su desarrollo several factors influenced its development
    también interviene el factor suerte there's an element of luck o chance too
    Compuestos:
    safety factor
    human factor
    Rh factor, rhesus factor
    B ( Mat) factor
    Compuestos:
    common factor
    constant
    masculine, feminine
    1 ( Com) factor
    2 ( Ferr) luggage clerk
    3 ( ant) ( Mil) quartermaster
    * * *

     

    factor sustantivo masculino
    factor;

    factor sustantivo masculino factor

    ' factor' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    condicionamiento
    - decantar
    - factorial
    - índice
    - agravante
    - atenuante
    - clave
    - determinante
    - imprescindible
    - imprevisible
    - imprevisto
    - incógnita
    - secundario
    English:
    consideration
    - deciding
    - determining
    - factor
    - key
    - Rh (factor)
    - advantage
    - decisive
    - environmental
    - minus
    - mitigate
    - thing
    - vital
    - weigh
    * * *
    factor1 nm
    1. [elemento] factor;
    el precio del petróleo es el factor clave the price of oil is the key factor;
    sin olvidar el factor tiempo without forgetting the time factor;
    factor (de protección) 8 [de crema solar] factor 8 (protection)
    Dep factor campo:
    tienen la ventaja del factor campo they have home advantage;
    factor humano human factor;
    Econ factores de producción factors of production, factor inputs;
    factor Rh Rh factor;
    factor riesgo risk factor
    2. Mat factor
    factor común common factor
    factor2, -ora nm,f
    1. Com agent, Espec factor
    2. Ferroc luggage clerk
    * * *
    m factor
    * * *
    factor, - tora n
    1) : agent, factor
    2) : baggage clerk
    factor nm
    elemento: factor, element
    * * *
    factor n factor

    Spanish-English dictionary > factor

  • 6 papel

    m.
    1 paper (material).
    papel de embalar o envolver wrapping paper
    papel de estaño tin o aluminum foil
    papel de estraza brown paper
    papel de fumar cigarette paper
    papel higiénico toilet paper
    papel de lija sandpaper
    papel milimetrado graph paper
    papel de periódico newspaper, newsprint
    papel pintado wallpaper
    papel de regalo wrapping paper, gift-wrapping
    papel secante blotting paper
    papel de seda tissue paper
    papel sellado o timbrado stamp, stamped paper
    papel vegetal tracing paper
    un papel en blanco a blank sheet of paper
    papel de aluminio tin o aluminum foil
    papel de barba untrimmed paper
    papel biblia bible paper
    papel carbón carbon paper
    papel de carta notepaper
    papel cebolla onionskin
    papel celofán Cellophane®
    papel de cocina kitchen roll
    papel cuadriculado graph paper
    2 role, part (en película, teatro) (& figurative).
    desempeñar o hacer el papel de to play the role o part of
    hacer buen/mal papel to do well/badly
    papel principal/secundario main/minor part
    3 paper (finance).
    papel de pagos = special stamps for making certain payments to the State
    papel del Estado government bonds
    papel moneda paper money, banknotes
    4 piece of paper.
    * * *
    1 (gen) paper; (hoja) piece of paper
    2 (en obra, película) role, part
    ■ ¿qué papel te ha tocado en la obra? what's your role in the play?
    3 (función) role
    ■ ¿qué papel desempeñas en la empresa? what's your role in the company?
    ■ ¿tienes los papeles en regla? are your papers in order?
    \
    hacer el papel to pretend
    hacer el papel de alguien (en teatro, cine) to play the part of somebody
    hacer mal papel to do badly
    hacer buen papel to do well
    aprenderse el papel to learn one's lines
    saberse el papel to know one's lines
    perder los papeles to lose control
    ser papel mojado to be worthless, not be worth the paper it's printed on
    sobre el papel on paper
    papel de aluminio aluminium foil
    papel de arroz rice paper
    papel de calcar tracing paper
    papel de carta writing paper
    papel de escribir notepaper, writing paper
    papel de estraza brown paper
    papel de fumar cigarette paper
    papel de lija sandpaper
    papel de plata silver foil, tinfoil
    papel de seda tissue paper
    papel carbón carbon paper
    papel cebolla onionskin
    papel celo sticky tape, Sellotape
    papel charol glazed paper
    papel cuadriculado squared paper
    papel guarro artist's paper
    papel higiénico toilet paper
    papel maché papier-mâché
    papel moneda paper money
    papel parafinado greaseproof paper
    papel pintado wallpaper
    papel satinado glossy paper
    papel secante blotting paper
    * * *
    noun m.
    2) part, role
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=material) paper

    un papel — [pequeño] a piece of paper; (=hoja, folio) a sheet of paper

    papel confort — Chile toilet paper

    papel craft — CAm, Méx waxed paper

    papel cuadriculado — squared paper, graph paper

    papel de aluminio — tinfoil, aluminium o (EEUU) aluminum foil

    papel de calcar, papel de calco — tracing paper

    papel de embalaje, papel de embalar — wrapping paper

    papel de estaño — tinfoil, aluminium o (EEUU) aluminum foil

    papel de excusado — † toilet paper

    entre ellos no cabía un papel de fumar — Esp you couldn't have got a razor's edge between them

    papel de oficio — LAm official foolscap paper

    papel de regalo — gift wrap, wrapping paper

    papel fiduciario — fiduciary issue, fiat currency

    papel madera — Cono Sur brown wrapping paper

    papel mojado — scrap of paper, worthless bit of paper

    papel sanitario — Méx toilet paper

    papel timbrado — stamp, stamp paper

    papel usado, papeles usados — wastepaper sing

    2) pl papeles (=documentos) papers, documents; (=carnet) identification papers

    los papeles, por favor — your papers, please

    3) (=actuación) (Cine, Teat) part, role; (fig) role

    tuvo que desempeñar un papel secundario — he had to play second fiddle, he had to take a minor role

    hacer buen/mal papel — to make a good/bad impression

    4) (=billetes)

    papel moneda — paper money, banknotes pl

    5) (Econ) (=bonos) stocks and shares pl
    6) Esp ** 1,000-peseta note; And one-peso note
    7) LAm (=bolsa) bag
    PAPEL El sustantivo papel se puede traducir en inglés por paper o por piece of paper. ► Lo traducimos por paper cuando nos referimos al papel como material: ¿Todo el mundo tiene lápiz y papel? Has everybody got a pencil and paper? ► Si papel se refiere a una hoja de papel no lo traducimos por paper, sino por a piece of paper si nos referimos a un trozo de papel pequeño y por a sheet of paper si nos referimos a una hoja de papel o a un folio: ¿Has visto el papel en el que estaba apuntando mis notas? Have you seen that sheet of paper I was making notes on? Apúntalo en este papel Write it down on this piece of paper ► Si nos referimos a varias hojas o trozos de papel en blanco utilizamos sheets o pieces: Necesitamos varios papeles We need several pieces of paper ► Si nos referimos a papeles que ya están escritos, se pueden traducir por papers: Tengo que ordenar todos estos papeles I must sort out all these papers Para otros usos y ejemplos ver la entrada
    * * *
    1) ( material) paper

    toalla/pañuelo de papel — paper towel/tissue

    2) ( documento) document, paper
    3) (Fin)
    a) ( valores) commercial paper
    b) ( dinero) tb
    4)
    a) (Cin, Teatr) role, part

    hizo un lamentable/triste papel en el congreso — his performance at the conference was abysmal/terrible

    c) ( función) role
    * * *
    1) ( material) paper

    toalla/pañuelo de papel — paper towel/tissue

    2) ( documento) document, paper
    3) (Fin)
    a) ( valores) commercial paper
    b) ( dinero) tb
    4)
    a) (Cin, Teatr) role, part

    hizo un lamentable/triste papel en el congreso — his performance at the conference was abysmal/terrible

    c) ( función) role
    * * *
    papel1
    1 = role.

    Ex: The role of analytical entries in an online catalogue is less clear.

    * adoptar un papel = take + role.
    * asumir el papel = dress + the part.
    * asumir el papel de = step into + the role of.
    * asumir el papel de Alguien = step into + the shoes of, stand in + Posesivo + shoes.
    * asumir un papel = assume + role.
    * confundir los papeles = blur + roles.
    * desdibujar los papeles = blur + roles.
    * desempeñar un papel = fulfil + role, perform + role, fit into + the picture, play + role.
    * desempeñar un papel secundario = play + second fiddle.
    * examinar el papel de Algo = investigate + role.
    * identificarse con un papel = project + Reflexivo + into + role.
    * inversión de papeles = reversal of roles, role reversal.
    * jugar un papel = play + role.
    * papel central = pivotal role.
    * papel de regulación y supervisión = stewardship.
    * papel de reparto = secondary role.
    * papel esencial = pivotal role, vital role.
    * papel fundamental = pivotal role.
    * papel principal = title role.
    * papel protagonista = title role.
    * papel secundario = secondary role.
    * papel vital = vital role.
    * perder los papeles = lose + control (of), lose + Posesivo + cool, lose + Posesivo + head, fly off + the handle, freak out, flip out.
    * por su papel = in its role.
    * tomar un papel secundario = take + a back seat.

    papel2
    2 = paper, stationery, paper stock.

    Ex: Folders allow a set of papers to be kept together when a set on a given topic is removed from the file.

    Ex: Dual dictionaries are not card-based, but are computer produced post-co-ordinate indexes where usually two identical lists are printed on continuous computer stationery.
    Ex: As far as durability is concerned, comic books are now published on heavier, higher quality paper stock; the days of newsprint are largely gone = En lo que respecta a la durabilidad, los tebeos se publican ahora en papel de mayor grosor y calidad; los días del papel de "periódico" de baja calidad en general pertenecen al pasado.
    * abanicar el papel = fan (out) + paper.
    * acidez del papel = paper acidity.
    * acolchado con papel = paper padded.
    * atasco de papel = paper jam.
    * bandeja de alimentación de papel = feed tray.
    * basado en el papel = paper-based.
    * bloque de papel = pad of paper.
    * bolsa de papel = paper carrier, paper bag.
    * caja de pañuelos de papel = box of tissue.
    * calidad del papel = paper quality.
    * cinta de papel continuo = web of paper.
    * clip para el papel = paper clip.
    * confección de papel = paper-making [papermaking].
    * con papel de calco intercalado = carbon interleaved paper.
    * copia de papel de calco = carbon copy.
    * copia en papel = hard copy [hardcopy].
    * cubierta de papel = paper cover.
    * dispensador de papel de cocina = kitchen roll holder.
    * dispensador de toallitas de papel = kitchen roll holder.
    * documento en papel = paper document.
    * edición en papel coloreado = coloured-paper issue.
    * encuadernación flexible en papel = limp paper binding.
    * en formato papel = in hard copy, paper-based.
    * en papel = in print, paper-based, in hard copy.
    * envoltorio de papel = paper wrapper.
    * existencias de papel = paper stock.
    * fabricación de papel = paper-making [papermaking], paper manufacturing.
    * fábrica de papel = paper mill, pulp and paper mill.
    * farolillo de papel = Chinese lantern.
    * fibra de papel = paper fibre.
    * forma de papel vitela = wove mould.
    * forma de un solo fondo para papel verjurado = single-faced laid mould.
    * forma para papel verjurado = laid mould.
    * formato de presentación en papel = hard copy format.
    * funda de papel = paper jacket.
    * hoja de papel = slip of paper, sheet of paper.
    * hoja de papel continuo = web of paper.
    * hoja de papel encerada = wax sheet.
    * impresión en papel = print on paper.
    * impreso en papel = paper-printed.
    * industria del papel = paper industry.
    * invasión del papel, la = paper storm, the.
    * letra cuya impresión en papel no está completa = broken letter.
    * mano de papel = quire.
    * máquina continua de papel = paper-making machine.
    * máquina de papel continuo = newsprint machine.
    * máquina de perforar papeles = desk punch.
    * máquina Fourdrinier de papel continuo = newsprint Fourdrinier.
    * mundo del papel impreso, el = paper world, the.
    * oficina sin papel = paperless office.
    * pañuelo de papel = tissue.
    * papel acídico = acidic paper.
    * papel ácido = acid paper, acidic paper.
    * papel adhesivo = contact paper.
    * papel Albal = tinfoil [tin foil], kitchen foil, aluminum foil, aluminium foil.
    * papel alcalino = alkaline paper.
    * papel a mano-máquina = mouldmade paper.
    * papel avitelado = wove paper.
    * papel comercial = commercial paper.
    * papel con membrete = letterhead.
    * papel continuo = web, continuous paper.
    * papel continuo de períodico = newsprint.
    * papel cuadriculado = graph paper.
    * papel cuché = art paper, coated paper.
    * papel de acidez neutralizada = deacidified paper.
    * papel de aluminio = aluminium foil, tinfoil [tin foil], kitchen foil, aluminum foil.
    * papel de arroz = rice paper, pith paper.
    * papel de biblia = Bible paper.
    * papel debilitado = brittle paper.
    * papel de calcar = tracing paper.
    * papel de calco = carbon paper, carbon, tracing paper.
    * papel de cera = greaseproof paper, waxed paper.
    * papel de China = rice paper, pith paper.
    * papel de cocina = paper towel, kitchen paper.
    * papel de colores = coloured paper.
    * papel de embalar = wrapping paper.
    * papel de empapelar = wallpaper.
    * papel de envolver = wrapping paper.
    * papel de envolver regalos = gift wrapping paper.
    * papel de escribir = writing paper.
    * papel de escritura = bond paper.
    * papel de esmeril = emery paper.
    * papel de esparto = esparto paper.
    * papel de imprenta = printing paper, copy paper.
    * papel de lija = sandpaper, emery paper.
    * papel de multicopista = run-off paper.
    * papel de pasta = paste paper.
    * papel de periódico = newsprint.
    * papel de plata = tinfoil [tin foil], kitchen foil, aluminum foil, aluminium foil.
    * papel desacidificado = deacidified paper.
    * papel de seda = tissue paper, tissue sheet.
    * papel de tela = rag paper.
    * papel de tornasol = litmus paper.
    * papel de trapo = rag paper.
    * papel de virutas = woodchip paper.
    * papel digital = digital paper.
    * papel dominante = alpha role.
    * papel durable = durable paper.
    * papel duradero = durable paper.
    * papel esmeril = emery paper.
    * papel estraza = brown paper.
    * papel estucado = art paper, coated paper.
    * papel hecho a mano = hand-made paper.
    * papel hecho a máquina = machine-made paper.
    * papel higiénico = toilet paper, loo paper.
    * papel hilo = bond paper.
    * papel inservible = scrap paper, scrap.
    * papel kraft = kraft.
    * papel lignario = ligneous paper.
    * papel moneda = banknote, paper money.
    * papel neutro = acid-free paper.
    * papel no ácido = acid-free paper.
    * papel perforado continuo = continuous computer stationery.
    * papel permanente = permanent paper, durable paper.
    * papel plastificado = laminated paper, plasticised paper.
    * papel reciclado = recycled paper.
    * papel satinado = glossy paper.
    * papel secante = blotting paper, blotter.
    * papel sin acidez = acid-free paper.
    * papel soporte para estucado = body paper.
    * papel verjurado = laid paper.
    * papel verjurado hecho a máquina = machine-made laid paper.
    * papel verjurado manual = laid hand-made paper.
    * papel vitela = wove paper.
    * pasta de papel = stuff.
    * plato de papel = paper plate.
    * poner papel en la impresora = load + printer.
    * publicación en papel = paper publication.
    * publicación sin papel = paperless publishing.
    * que no está en papel = non-paper [non paper].
    * recipiente de papel = paper container.
    * reproducción en papel = blowback.
    * reproductor de microformas en papel = reader/printer [reader-printer].
    * rollo de papel de cocina = kitchen roll.
    * rollo de papel higiénico = loo roll.
    * rollo de toallitas de papel = kitchen roll.
    * saco de papel = paper sack.
    * separación mediante papel = paper splitting.
    * sin papel = paperless.
    * sobre el papel = in intent, nominally.
    * sociedad del papel = paper society.
    * sociedad sin papel, la = paperless society, the.
    * sólo en papel = print-only.
    * toallita de papel = paper towel, kitchen paper.
    * trozo de papel = slip.
    * un mar de papel = a sea of + paper.

    * * *
    A (material) paper
    necesito papel y lápiz I need a pencil and paper
    ¿tienes un papel? do you have a piece of paper?
    una hoja de papel a piece o sheet of paper
    tenía la mesa cubierta de papeles her table was covered in papers
    el suelo estaba lleno de papeles de caramelos the floor was littered with candy ( AmE) o ( BrE) sweet papers o wrappers
    toalla/pañuelo de papel paper towel/tissue
    blanco como el papel (as) white as a sheet
    perder los papeles to lose one's touch
    el equipo visitante perdió los papeles en la segunda parte the visiting team lost their touch o edge in the second half
    sobre el papel on paper
    Compuestos:
    continuous listing paper
    ● papel Albal®
    amate m 2. (↑ amate)
    India paper, Bible paper
    ● papel carbón or ( RPl) carbónico
    carbon paper
    onionskin paper, onionskin
    cellophane®
    glazed paper
    ( Chi) toilet paper
    continuous listing paper
    ● papel crepé or crêpe
    crepe paper
    squared paper
    coated paper ( AmE), art paper ( BrE)
    tinfoil, aluminum* foil, Bacofoil® ( BrE)
    rice paper
    airmail paper
    untrimmed paper
    (translúcido) tracing paper; (entintado) carbon paper
    (entintado) carbon paper; ( Arquit) film
    writing paper, note paper
    waxed o wax paper, greaseproof paper ( BrE)
    bond paper
    ( Impr) newsprint
    envuélvelo en papel de diario wrap it in newspaper
    wrapping paper
    wrapping paper
    gray* paper
    sandpaper
    ser más basto que un papel de lija ( fam); to be as common as muck ( colloq)
    pattern paper, tear-resistant tissue paper ( used for clothes patterns)
    ( Impr) newsprint
    lo envolvió en papel de periódico she wrapped it in newspaper
    (para cocina) tinfoil, aluminum* foil; (en paquetes de cigarrillos, etc) silver paper
    wrapping paper
    tissue paper
    litmus paper
    glass paper
    ( fam); toilet paper, loo paper ( BrE colloq)
    filter paper
    photographic paper
    ( RPl) glazed paper
    toilet paper
    papier-mâché
    ● papel Manila or ( RPl) madera
    manila paper, manila
    scrap paper, waste paper
    el contrato es papel mojado the contract isn't worth the paper it's written on
    (CS) wallpaper
    ● papel or papelillo de fumar
    cigarette paper
    ( RPl) confetti
    ( Esp) crepe paper
    wallpaper
    newsprint
    recycled paper
    blotting paper
    fiscal paper
    tracing paper
    fiscal paper
    film
    laid paper
    B (documento) document, paper
    los papeles del coche the car documents o papers
    no tenía los papeles en regla her papers were not in order
    C ( Fin)
    1 (valores) commercial paper
    papel moneda paper money
    Compuestos:
    government bonds (pl), government paper
    certificate of payment ( to government agency)
    D
    1 ( Cin, Teatr) role, part
    la actriz que hace el papel de institutriz the actress who plays the part of the governess
    está muy bien en el papel de Robespierre he's very good as Robespierre
    le dieron el papel de San José he was given the part o role of Joseph
    2
    (actuación): hizo un papel lamentable en el congreso his performance at the conference was abysmal, he performed abysmally at the conference
    si no le regalas nada vas a hacer muy mal papel you're going to look very bad if you don't give her anything
    ¡hizo un papel tan ridículo! he made such a fool of himself!
    el coro del colegio hizo un triste papel en el festival the school choir gave a terrible o woeful performance at the festival
    3 (función) role
    jugó un papel decisivo en la campaña it played a decisive role o part in the campaign
    Compuestos:
    supporting o support role
    ( Cin, Teatr) star role
    leading role
    el papel principal que tienen las mujeres en algunos países the lead role that women have in some countries
    ( Cin, Teatr) supporting role
    * * *

     

    papel sustantivo masculino
    1 ( material) paper;

    toalla de papel paper towel;
    papel carbón carbon paper;
    papel cuadriculado/rayado squared/lined paper;
    papel de aluminio tinfoil, aluminum( conjugate aluminum) foil;
    papel de embalar/de envolver/de regalo wrapping paper;
    papel higiénico or de water toilet paper;
    papel picado (RPl) confetti
    2 ( documento) document, paper;

    3
    a) (Cin, Teatr) role, part;




    c) ( función) role;

    ◊ juega un papel importante en … it plays an important role in …

    papel sustantivo masculino
    1 paper
    papel de aluminio, aluminium foil
    papel de fumar, cigarette paper
    papel de lija, sandpaper
    papel higiénico, toilet paper
    Fin papel moneda, paper money, banknotes pl; papel pintado, wallpaper
    2 (trozo, hoja) piece o sheet of paper
    3 (documento) document
    4 Cine Teat role, part
    5 (función, cometido) role
    6 papeles, (documentación) documents, identification papers
    ♦ Locuciones: perder los papeles, to lose one's self-control
    ser algo papel mojado, to be useless
    ' papel' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    arruga
    - arrugar
    - arrugarse
    - blanquear
    - cadeneta
    - calco
    - cartucho
    - como
    - contenedor
    - cuadriculada
    - cuadriculado
    - cucurucho
    - de
    - desempeñar
    - destrozar
    - economizar
    - editar
    - emisión
    - emitir
    - empapelar
    - encarnar
    - ensayar
    - envolver
    - estampar
    - estraza
    - estropear
    - estrujar
    - fábrica
    - filigrana
    - formato
    - gastar
    - gramaje
    - hacer
    - higiénica
    - higiénico
    - hoja
    - impresa
    - impreso
    - interpretar
    - jugar
    - lija
    - milimetrada
    - milimetrado
    - moneda
    - pajarita
    - pauta
    - perforación
    - perforado
    - perforadora
    - picar
    English:
    act
    - ashen
    - ball
    - blank
    - break
    - bring off
    - brown paper
    - carbon copy
    - carbon paper
    - cast
    - clean
    - clip
    - contact paper
    - crackle
    - crease
    - cup
    - currency
    - cut out
    - dare
    - deathly
    - decorate
    - enact
    - envelope
    - foil
    - fold
    - fulfil
    - fulfill
    - grade
    - graph paper
    - greaseproof paper
    - grubby
    - hang
    - heavy
    - high
    - impress
    - imprint
    - landscape
    - lead
    - legal-size
    - letter-size
    - letterhead
    - line
    - lined
    - margin
    - mill
    - minor
    - need
    - newsprint
    - notepaper
    - pad
    * * *
    papel nm
    1. [material] paper;
    [hoja] sheet of paper; [trozo] piece of paper;
    una bolsa de papel a paper bag;
    un papel en blanco a blank sheet of paper;
    espera un momento, que agarro lápiz y papel wait a moment while I get a pencil and paper;
    sobre el papel [teóricamente] on paper;
    perder los papeles [perder control] to lose one's cool, to lose control;
    RP, Ven Fam [estar desorientado] to lose one's touch;
    ser papel mojado to be worthless
    Esp papel albal® tin o aluminium foil;
    papel de aluminio tin o aluminium foil;
    RP papel de armar cigarette paper;
    papel de arroz rice paper;
    papel (de) barba untrimmed paper;
    papel biblia bible paper;
    papel de borrador scrap o waste paper;
    papel de calco o de calcar [transparente] tracing paper;
    [entintado] carbon paper;
    papel carbón o RP carbónico carbon paper;
    papel de carta notepaper;
    papel cebolla onionskin;
    papel celofán Cellophane®;
    papel de cera [para envolver] Br greaseproof paper, US wax paper;
    papel charol coloured tissue paper;
    Chile papel confort toilet paper; Informát papel continuo continuous paper;
    papel couché coated (magazine) paper;
    Am papel crepé crepe paper; Col papel crespón crepe paper;
    papel cuadriculado graph paper;
    papel cuché coated paper;
    papel ecológico acid-free paper;
    papel de embalar o de embalaje wrapping paper;
    papel de envolver wrapping paper;
    papel de estaño tin o aluminium foil;
    papel de estraza brown paper;
    papel de fumar cigarette paper;
    RP papel glasé coloured tissue paper;
    papel higiénico toilet paper;
    papel de lija sandpaper;
    papel maché papier-mâché;
    CSur papel madera brown paper; RP papel manteca [para envolver] Br greaseproof o US wax paper;
    papel milimetrado graph paper;
    Chile papel mural wallpaper; Am papel oficio foolscap;
    papel pautado [para música] (music) manuscript paper, staff paper;
    papel pentagramado [para música] (music) manuscript paper, staff paper;
    papel de periódico newspaper, newsprint;
    RP papel picado confetti; Esp papel pinocho crepe paper;
    papel pintado wallpaper;
    papel de plata tin o aluminium foil;
    papel reciclado recycled paper;
    papel de regalo wrapping paper;
    Cuba papel sanitario toilet paper;
    papel secante blotting paper;
    papel de seda tissue (paper);
    papel sellado stamped paper, = paper bearing an official stamp to show that the corresponding tax has been paid;
    Am & Informát papel tapiz wallpaper; Informát papel térmico thermal paper;
    papel timbrado stamped paper, = paper bearing an official stamp to show that the corresponding tax has been paid;
    Guat, Ven papel toilette o tualé toilet paper; Quím papel tornasol litmus paper;
    papel vegetal tracing paper
    2. [en película, teatro] role, part;
    hacer o [m5] representar el papel de to play the role o part of
    papel principal main part;
    papel secundario minor part
    3. [función] role, part;
    hace el papel de padre y de madre he plays the role of both father and mother;
    desempeña un papel crucial en la compañía she plays a crucial role in the company;
    ¡vaya un papel que vamos a hacer con tantos lesionados! we're going to make a poor showing with so many injuries!;
    hacer (un) buen/mal papel to make a good/poor showing
    4. Fin [valores] stocks and shares
    papel del Estado government bonds;
    papel moneda paper money, banknotes;
    papel de pagos (al Estado) = special stamps for making certain payments to the State
    5. Esp Fam Antes [1.000 pesetas] = thousand pesetas
    6.
    papeles [documentos, identificación] papers;
    los papeles del coche the car's registration documents;
    tener los papeles en regla to have one's papers in order;
    los sin papeles undocumented immigrants
    7. Fam
    los papeles [la prensa escrita] the papers
    * * *
    1 m paper; trozo piece of paper;
    ser papel mojado fig not be worth the paper it’s written on
    2 TEA, fig
    role;
    hacer buen/mal papel fig prove useful/useless;
    perder los papeles lose control
    * * *
    papel nm
    1) : paper, piece of paper
    2) : role, part
    3)
    papel de estaño : tinfoil
    4)
    papel pintado : wallpaper
    5)
    papel higiénico : toilet paper
    6)
    papel de lija : sandpaper
    * * *
    1. (en general) paper
    2. (en el teatro, cine) part
    papel de aluminio silver paper / silver foil

    Spanish-English dictionary > papel

  • 7 convincente

    adj.
    convincing.
    * * *
    1 convincing
    * * *
    adj.
    * * *
    * * *
    adjetivo convincing
    * * *
    = conclusive, convincing, credible, plausible, compelling, cogent, powerful, persuasive.
    Ex. It certainly cannot be called a conclusive or exhaustive guide to library resources.
    Ex. Among the documents that are worthy of consideration for abstracting are final reports, or other reports well supported by sound methodology and convincing evidence.
    Ex. The problem was to produce a credible operational definition of the term 'information education'.
    Ex. This incompleteness of search and retrieval therefore makes possible, and plausible, the existence of undiscovered public knowledge.
    Ex. This article examines the facets of the fee-or-free controversy and presents a compelling case that the issue is far from resolved.
    Ex. Children's librarians must plan to meet children's needs, and must be able to articulate the philosophy of children's library services in cogent terms.
    Ex. This book is a powerful eyewitness account of the Holocaust & how it affected both victims & oppressors.
    Ex. It has since been echoed repeatedly in the discussion of cataloging despite the persuasive and decisive refutation of it by Panizzi before the Royal Commission.
    ----
    * de modo convincente = cogently, unconvincingly.
    * de un modo convincente = convincingly, forcibly.
    * evidencia convincente = convincing evidence.
    * excusa poco convincente = lame excuse.
    * poco convincente = unconvincing, inconclusive, pat, feeble.
    * presentación de un proyecto de manera convincente = business case.
    * pretexto poco convincente = lame excuse.
    * pruebas convincentes = convincing evidence.
    * razón convincente = compelling reason.
    * * *
    adjetivo convincing
    * * *
    = conclusive, convincing, credible, plausible, compelling, cogent, powerful, persuasive.

    Ex: It certainly cannot be called a conclusive or exhaustive guide to library resources.

    Ex: Among the documents that are worthy of consideration for abstracting are final reports, or other reports well supported by sound methodology and convincing evidence.
    Ex: The problem was to produce a credible operational definition of the term 'information education'.
    Ex: This incompleteness of search and retrieval therefore makes possible, and plausible, the existence of undiscovered public knowledge.
    Ex: This article examines the facets of the fee-or-free controversy and presents a compelling case that the issue is far from resolved.
    Ex: Children's librarians must plan to meet children's needs, and must be able to articulate the philosophy of children's library services in cogent terms.
    Ex: This book is a powerful eyewitness account of the Holocaust & how it affected both victims & oppressors.
    Ex: It has since been echoed repeatedly in the discussion of cataloging despite the persuasive and decisive refutation of it by Panizzi before the Royal Commission.
    * de modo convincente = cogently, unconvincingly.
    * de un modo convincente = convincingly, forcibly.
    * evidencia convincente = convincing evidence.
    * excusa poco convincente = lame excuse.
    * poco convincente = unconvincing, inconclusive, pat, feeble.
    * presentación de un proyecto de manera convincente = business case.
    * pretexto poco convincente = lame excuse.
    * pruebas convincentes = convincing evidence.
    * razón convincente = compelling reason.

    * * *
    convincing
    no estuvo muy convincente en sus explicaciones his explanations weren't very convincing
    * * *

    convincente adjetivo
    convincing
    convincente adjetivo convincing
    ' convincente' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    contundente
    English:
    cogent
    - compelling
    - convincing
    - die out
    - forceful
    - lame
    - plausible
    - powerful
    - ring
    - sell
    - tenuous
    - unconvincing
    - weak
    - argue
    - explain
    - persuasive
    - strength
    - unsatisfactory
    * * *
    convincing
    * * *
    adj convincing
    * * *
    : convincing

    Spanish-English dictionary > convincente

  • 8 persuasivo

    adj.
    persuasive, moving, convincing.
    * * *
    1 persuasive
    * * *
    (f. - persuasiva)
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ [vendedor, carácter] persuasive; [argumento, razones] persuasive, convincing
    * * *
    - va adjetivo persuasive
    * * *
    = persuasive, compelling, smooth-talking.
    Ex. It has since been echoed repeatedly in the discussion of cataloging despite the persuasive and decisive refutation of it by Panizzi before the Royal Commission.
    Ex. This article examines the facets of the fee-or-free controversy and presents a compelling case that the issue is far from resolved.
    Ex. The Wizard, played by Joel Grey, is a smooth-talking dumbbell who admits he is 'a corn-fed hick' and 'one of your dime-a-dozen mediocrities'.
    * * *
    - va adjetivo persuasive
    * * *
    = persuasive, compelling, smooth-talking.

    Ex: It has since been echoed repeatedly in the discussion of cataloging despite the persuasive and decisive refutation of it by Panizzi before the Royal Commission.

    Ex: This article examines the facets of the fee-or-free controversy and presents a compelling case that the issue is far from resolved.
    Ex: The Wizard, played by Joel Grey, is a smooth-talking dumbbell who admits he is 'a corn-fed hick' and 'one of your dime-a-dozen mediocrities'.

    * * *
    persuasive
    * * *

    persuasivo
    ◊ -va adjetivo

    persuasive
    persuasivo,-a adjetivo persuasive

    ' persuasivo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    persuasiva
    English:
    persuasive
    * * *
    persuasivo, -a adj
    persuasive
    * * *
    adj persuasive
    * * *
    persuasivo, -va adj
    : persuasive

    Spanish-English dictionary > persuasivo

  • 9 problemático

    adj.
    problematical, troublesome, problem, problematic.
    * * *
    1 (cuestión) problematic; (joven) difficult
    * * *
    (f. - problemática)
    adj.
    * * *
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo problematic, difficult
    * * *
    = dodgy [dodgier -comp., dodgiest -sup.], sticky [stickier -comp., stickiest -sup.], troublesome, problem, problematic, problematical, problem-ridden, fractious, bumpy, dicey [dicier -comp., diciest -sup.], afoul.
    Ex. The statistical procedures from Czchekoslovakia and Romania have been pretty dodgy and unsatisfactory.
    Ex. The inclusion of vendors and publishers allows everyone to address sticky business relationships head-on.
    Ex. Measures to prevent such incidents include fitting burglar alarms in libraries and taking quick and decisive action against troublesome users.
    Ex. Problem patrons include, but are not limited to, illiterates simply seeking shelter, alcoholics, the homeless, the mentally disturbed, aggressive young people, and those with offensive odours.
    Ex. This attitude is based on the waste bin decision process widely used in political and educational organisations, which tend to have open-ended goals, problematic preferences, hazy technology, and poor feeback.
    Ex. The manufacture of these high-density chips is problematical.
    Ex. The negative aspects of adding such a problem-ridden medium to the library are far outweighed by the potential benefits video offers.
    Ex. Thus was Christianity codified into a Bible that still today is the central element in the faith of the two billion adherents of the largest, if most fractious, of the world's religions.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'The big bumpy shift: digital music via the Internet'.
    Ex. Predicting the future is dicey.
    Ex. Dan, who had known from the start that things were afoul, demanded that officer show him their IDs.
    ----
    * cuestión problemática = sticky issue.
    * en una situación muy problemática = in deep water.
    * niño problemático = problem child.
    * persona problemática = troublemaker.
    * problemática que afecta a = issues + surrounding.
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo problematic, difficult
    * * *
    = dodgy [dodgier -comp., dodgiest -sup.], sticky [stickier -comp., stickiest -sup.], troublesome, problem, problematic, problematical, problem-ridden, fractious, bumpy, dicey [dicier -comp., diciest -sup.], afoul.

    Ex: The statistical procedures from Czchekoslovakia and Romania have been pretty dodgy and unsatisfactory.

    Ex: The inclusion of vendors and publishers allows everyone to address sticky business relationships head-on.
    Ex: Measures to prevent such incidents include fitting burglar alarms in libraries and taking quick and decisive action against troublesome users.
    Ex: Problem patrons include, but are not limited to, illiterates simply seeking shelter, alcoholics, the homeless, the mentally disturbed, aggressive young people, and those with offensive odours.
    Ex: This attitude is based on the waste bin decision process widely used in political and educational organisations, which tend to have open-ended goals, problematic preferences, hazy technology, and poor feeback.
    Ex: The manufacture of these high-density chips is problematical.
    Ex: The negative aspects of adding such a problem-ridden medium to the library are far outweighed by the potential benefits video offers.
    Ex: Thus was Christianity codified into a Bible that still today is the central element in the faith of the two billion adherents of the largest, if most fractious, of the world's religions.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'The big bumpy shift: digital music via the Internet'.
    Ex: Predicting the future is dicey.
    Ex: Dan, who had known from the start that things were afoul, demanded that officer show him their IDs.
    * cuestión problemática = sticky issue.
    * en una situación muy problemática = in deep water.
    * niño problemático = problem child.
    * persona problemática = troublemaker.
    * problemática que afecta a = issues + surrounding.

    * * *
    ‹asunto/situación› problematic, difficult
    eso puede resultar problemático that could be difficult o problematic o problematical
    * * *

    problemático
    ◊ -ca adjetivo

    problematic, difficult
    problemático,-a adjetivo problematic

    ' problemático' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    conflictiva
    - conflictivo
    - problemática
    English:
    disputable
    - problematic
    - problematical
    - troublesome
    * * *
    problemático, -a adj
    problematic;
    es un niño muy problemático he's a very difficult child
    * * *
    adj problematic
    * * *
    problemático, -ca adj
    : problematic

    Spanish-English dictionary > problemático

  • 10 argument

    argument [aʀgymɑ̃]
    masculine noun
    * * *
    aʀgymɑ̃
    nom masculin ( raison) argument ( en faveur de for; contre against)

    argument choc or massue — decisive argument

    trouver de bons arguments en faveur de/contre quelque chose — to make a good case for/against something

    * * *
    aʀɡymɑ̃ nm
    * * *
    1 ( raison) argument (en faveur de for; contre against); argument choc or massue decisive ou clinching argument; argument décisif deciding factor; présenter or trouver de bons arguments en faveur de/contre qch to make a good case for/against sth; les arguments présentés étaient faibles the case he/they etc made was weak; tirer argument de qch to use sth as an argument ou excuse (pour faire for doing);
    2 Comm, Pub argument de vente selling point; argument électoral electoral issue GB, campaign issue US;
    3 Littérat, Math argument.
    [argymɑ̃] nom masculin
    1. [raison] argument
    avoir de bons/solides arguments to have a good/strong case

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > argument

  • 11 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 12 decisión

    f.
    decision, determination, decisiveness, firmness.
    * * *
    1 (resolución) decision
    2 (determinación) determination, resolution
    * * *
    noun f.
    decision, choice
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=determinación) decision; (Jur) judgment

    tomar una decisión — to make o take a decision

    2) (=firmeza) decisiveness
    3) (=voluntad) determination
    * * *
    a) ( acción) decision

    llegar a una decisión — to decide, to reach a decision

    decisión de + inf: su decisión de marcharse — her decision to leave

    b) ( cualidad) decisiveness, decision

    una mujer con decisión — a decisive woman, a woman of decision

    c) (AmL) ( en boxeo)
    * * *
    = choice, decision, determination, resolution.
    Ex. To rectify failures, the librarian has two choices.
    Ex. However, once a decision has been made to group similar types of entries other difficulties emerge in defining the categories.
    Ex. Instead of fighting words with a dogged determination, he got to like them.
    Ex. The Economic and Social Committee and the European Parliament will use it to broadcast their opinions and resolutions.
    ----
    * aceptar una decisión = accept + decision.
    * adoptar una decisión = adopt + decision.
    * a favor de la decisión personal sobre el aborto = pro-choice.
    * afectar a una decisión = colour + decision, affect + decision.
    * alcanzar una decisión = arrive at + decision.
    * apoyo a la toma de decisiones = decision support.
    * árbol para la toma de decisiones = decision tree.
    * buena decisión = good judgement.
    * con decisión = decisively.
    * decisión arbitraria = arbitrary decision.
    * decisión con conocimiento de causa = informed decision.
    * decisión de adoptar = decision to adopt.
    * decisión de última hora = last-minute decision.
    * decisión fundada = informed decision.
    * decisión irrevocable = irrevocable decision.
    * decisión no unánime = split decision.
    * decisión permanente = permanent arrangement.
    * decisión precipitada ante un problema = crisis decision.
    * decisión sobre qué política de actuación seguir = policy decision.
    * delegar una decisión = delegate + decision.
    * imposibilidad de toma de decisiones = undecidability.
    * llegar a una decisión = arrive at + decision.
    * llevar a la práctica una decisión = implement + decision.
    * llevar a tomar una decisión = lead (up) to + decision.
    * mala decisión = bad judgement.
    * necesitar tomar cierto tipo de decisiones = require + judgement, require + an exercise of + judgement.
    * persona que toma la última decisión = decider.
    * por decisión propia = by choice.
    * posibilidad de toma de decisiones = decidability.
    * reclamar una decisión = appeal + decision.
    * regir una decisión = govern + decision.
    * responsable de tomar decisiones = decision maker [decision-maker].
    * ser decisión de + Nombre = be down to + Nombre.
    * sistema de apoyo a la toma de decisiones = decision support system, decision making system.
    * toma de decisiones = decision making [decision-making], decision taking.
    * toma de decisiones con conocimiento de causa = informed decision making.
    * toma de decisiones fundadas = informed decision making.
    * tomar decisión = make + choices.
    * tomar decisiones = exercise + judgement.
    * tomar decisiones con conocimiento de causa = make + informed decisions.
    * tomar decisiones fundadas = make + informed decisions.
    * tomar decisiones por alguien = take + decisions in + Posesivo + name.
    * tomar la decisión más acertada dadas las circunstancias = do + the best thing in the circumstances.
    * tomar las decisiones = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost, set + the agenda.
    * tomar otra decisión = decision to the contrary.
    * tomar una decisión = make + decision, make + judgement, take + decision, reach + decision, make up + Posesivo + (own) mind, adopt + decision.
    * tomar una decisión sin conocer todos los datos = make + uninformed decision.
    * tomar una decisión sin consultar con nadie = take it upon + Reflexivo + to.
    * * *
    a) ( acción) decision

    llegar a una decisión — to decide, to reach a decision

    decisión de + inf: su decisión de marcharse — her decision to leave

    b) ( cualidad) decisiveness, decision

    una mujer con decisión — a decisive woman, a woman of decision

    c) (AmL) ( en boxeo)
    * * *
    = choice, decision, determination, resolution.

    Ex: To rectify failures, the librarian has two choices.

    Ex: However, once a decision has been made to group similar types of entries other difficulties emerge in defining the categories.
    Ex: Instead of fighting words with a dogged determination, he got to like them.
    Ex: The Economic and Social Committee and the European Parliament will use it to broadcast their opinions and resolutions.
    * aceptar una decisión = accept + decision.
    * adoptar una decisión = adopt + decision.
    * a favor de la decisión personal sobre el aborto = pro-choice.
    * afectar a una decisión = colour + decision, affect + decision.
    * alcanzar una decisión = arrive at + decision.
    * apoyo a la toma de decisiones = decision support.
    * árbol para la toma de decisiones = decision tree.
    * buena decisión = good judgement.
    * con decisión = decisively.
    * decisión arbitraria = arbitrary decision.
    * decisión con conocimiento de causa = informed decision.
    * decisión de adoptar = decision to adopt.
    * decisión de última hora = last-minute decision.
    * decisión fundada = informed decision.
    * decisión irrevocable = irrevocable decision.
    * decisión no unánime = split decision.
    * decisión permanente = permanent arrangement.
    * decisión precipitada ante un problema = crisis decision.
    * decisión sobre qué política de actuación seguir = policy decision.
    * delegar una decisión = delegate + decision.
    * imposibilidad de toma de decisiones = undecidability.
    * llegar a una decisión = arrive at + decision.
    * llevar a la práctica una decisión = implement + decision.
    * llevar a tomar una decisión = lead (up) to + decision.
    * mala decisión = bad judgement.
    * necesitar tomar cierto tipo de decisiones = require + judgement, require + an exercise of + judgement.
    * persona que toma la última decisión = decider.
    * por decisión propia = by choice.
    * posibilidad de toma de decisiones = decidability.
    * reclamar una decisión = appeal + decision.
    * regir una decisión = govern + decision.
    * responsable de tomar decisiones = decision maker [decision-maker].
    * ser decisión de + Nombre = be down to + Nombre.
    * sistema de apoyo a la toma de decisiones = decision support system, decision making system.
    * toma de decisiones = decision making [decision-making], decision taking.
    * toma de decisiones con conocimiento de causa = informed decision making.
    * toma de decisiones fundadas = informed decision making.
    * tomar decisión = make + choices.
    * tomar decisiones = exercise + judgement.
    * tomar decisiones con conocimiento de causa = make + informed decisions.
    * tomar decisiones fundadas = make + informed decisions.
    * tomar decisiones por alguien = take + decisions in + Posesivo + name.
    * tomar la decisión más acertada dadas las circunstancias = do + the best thing in the circumstances.
    * tomar las decisiones = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost, set + the agenda.
    * tomar otra decisión = decision to the contrary.
    * tomar una decisión = make + decision, make + judgement, take + decision, reach + decision, make up + Posesivo + (own) mind, adopt + decision.
    * tomar una decisión sin conocer todos los datos = make + uninformed decision.
    * tomar una decisión sin consultar con nadie = take it upon + Reflexivo + to.

    * * *
    1 (acción) decision
    la decisión está en tus manos the decision is in your hands
    tienes que tomar una decisión you must make o take a decision, you must make your mind up
    no han podido llegar a una decisión they haven't been able to decide o reach a decision
    decisión DE + INF:
    su decisión de marcharse her decision to leave
    2 (cualidad) decisiveness, decision
    una mujer de decisión a decisive woman, a woman of decision
    3
    ( AmL) (en boxeo): ganó por decisión he won on points o by a decision
    * * *

     

    decisión sustantivo femenino


    su decisión de marcharse her decision to leave


    c) (AmL) ( en boxeo):

    ◊ ganó por decisión he won on points o by a decision

    decisión sustantivo femenino
    1 decision: es hora de tomar una decisión, it's time to make a decision
    2 (firmeza) decisiveness: entró en el despacho con decisión, he marched into the office
    ' decisión' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acertada
    - acertado
    - cacicada
    - competer
    - comunicar
    - concernir
    - condicionante
    - contravenir
    - debilitar
    - decididamente
    - declararse
    - determinar
    - determinación
    - detrimento
    - ecuánime
    - enérgica
    - enérgico
    - final
    - impugnar
    - juicio
    - madurar
    - mando
    - pensar
    - posponer
    - precedente
    - prórroga
    - prorrogar
    - providencia
    - provocar
    - ratificar
    - resolución
    - sabia
    - sabio
    - salomónica
    - salomónico
    - terminante
    - última
    - último
    - unánime
    - unitaria
    - unitario
    - ventolera
    - acierto
    - adoptar
    - anunciar
    - apresurado
    - arbitraje
    - atinado
    - caliente
    - demorar
    English:
    accord
    - agonizing
    - ambit
    - appeal
    - arguable
    - astute
    - breathing space
    - clash
    - clean-cut
    - clear
    - contest
    - decide
    - decision
    - decision making
    - early
    - entail
    - far-reaching
    - fight
    - final
    - go against
    - govern
    - hasty
    - hinge on
    - ill-advised
    - make
    - override
    - overrule
    - pending
    - question
    - rash
    - rationale
    - resolve
    - reverse
    - ruling
    - second thought
    - sensible
    - shrewd
    - smart
    - snap
    - spur
    - stand by
    - take
    - unanimous
    - vital
    - wise
    - withhold
    - adamant
    - agonize
    - altogether
    - approve
    * * *
    1. [dictamen, resolución] decision;
    la decisión está en nuestras manos the decision is in our hands;
    la decisión de expulsarlo no depende de mí whether he should be expelled or not is not my decision;
    llegar a o [m5] alcanzar una decisión to arrive at o reach a decision;
    tomar una decisión to make o take a decision;
    tomó la decisión de no ir she decided not to go
    decisión judicial court ruling
    2. [firmeza de carácter] determination, resolve;
    [seguridad, resolución] decisiveness;
    actuar con decisión to act decisively;
    es una persona con muy poca decisión he's a very indecisive person
    * * *
    f
    1 decision;
    tomar una decisión make o take a decision
    2 fig
    decisiveness
    * * *
    decisión nf, pl - siones : decision, choice
    * * *
    1. (en general) decision
    2. (determinación) determination

    Spanish-English dictionary > decisión

  • 13 conflictivo

    adj.
    conflictive, conflicting, adversarial, divisive.
    * * *
    1 (situación) difficult; (tema) controversial
    * * *
    (f. - conflictiva)
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ [sociedad] troubled; [asunto] controversial; [sistema] unstable; [situación] tense, troubled

    zona conflictiva — troubled region, trouble spot

    * * *
    - va adjetivo
    a) ( problemático) < situación> difficult; < época> troubled
    b) ( polémico) <tema/persona> controversial
    c) (AmL) ( atormentado) < persona> troubled
    * * *
    = controversial, disputed, troubled, problematic, problematical, troublesome.
    Ex. The last 3 years while grants were available saw a rise in loans, readers and outreach services, a controversial stock revision and scrapping were carried out and a PC was taken in use.
    Ex. Disputed and even fraudulent works of history can make their way onto library shelves.
    Ex. These thoughts and many more like them flitted to and fro ceaselessly over the troubled surface of his mind.
    Ex. This attitude is based on the waste bin decision process widely used in political and educational organisations, which tend to have open-ended goals, problematic preferences, hazy technology, and poor feeback.
    Ex. The manufacture of these high-density chips is problematical.
    Ex. Measures to prevent such incidents include fitting burglar alarms in libraries and taking quick and decisive action against troublesome users.
    * * *
    - va adjetivo
    a) ( problemático) < situación> difficult; < época> troubled
    b) ( polémico) <tema/persona> controversial
    c) (AmL) ( atormentado) < persona> troubled
    * * *
    = controversial, disputed, troubled, problematic, problematical, troublesome.

    Ex: The last 3 years while grants were available saw a rise in loans, readers and outreach services, a controversial stock revision and scrapping were carried out and a PC was taken in use.

    Ex: Disputed and even fraudulent works of history can make their way onto library shelves.
    Ex: These thoughts and many more like them flitted to and fro ceaselessly over the troubled surface of his mind.
    Ex: This attitude is based on the waste bin decision process widely used in political and educational organisations, which tend to have open-ended goals, problematic preferences, hazy technology, and poor feeback.
    Ex: The manufacture of these high-density chips is problematical.
    Ex: Measures to prevent such incidents include fitting burglar alarms in libraries and taking quick and decisive action against troublesome users.

    * * *
    1 (problemático) ‹situación› difficult; ‹época› troubled
    la zona más conflictiva del país the area of the country with the most problems
    2
    (bélico): se considera zona conflictiva it is considered an area of conflict o a conflict zone
    3 (polémico) ‹tema/persona› controversial
    4
    ( AmL) (atormentado): es una persona muy conflictiva he's a very troubled person, he's a person with many inner conflicts
    * * *

    conflictivo
    ◊ -va adjetivo


    ‹ época› troubled;

    b) ( polémico) ‹tema/persona› controversial

    conflictivo,-a adjetivo
    1 (problemático) era un niño conflictivo, he was a problem child
    2 (polémico) controversial
    3 (turbulento) unsettled
    ' conflictivo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    conflictiva
    English:
    discrepant
    - hot
    - trouble
    * * *
    conflictivo, -a adj
    1. [polémico] controversial
    2. [época, país] troubled;
    una zona conflictiva de Europa a trouble spot o an area of conflict in Europe
    3. [persona] difficult
    * * *
    adj
    1 época, zona troubled
    2 persona troublemaking
    * * *
    conflictivo, -va adj
    1) : troubled
    2) : controversial

    Spanish-English dictionary > conflictivo

  • 14 normalmente

    adv.
    usually, normally.
    * * *
    1 normally, usually
    * * *
    adv.
    usually, normally
    * * *
    ADV [gen] normally; (=usualmente) usually
    * * *
    adverbio normally, usually
    * * *
    = as a rule, invariably, normally, typically, usually, customarily, in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.
    Ex. As a rule, the smaller the library the greater the variety of tasks which are allotted to assistants.
    Ex. New editions of DC are invariably greeted with cries of horror by libraries faced with this problem.
    Ex. It is normally taken to indicate that the document has been revised, if a work has progressed to a second or subsequent edition.
    Ex. Typically some parts of records can be searched and their elements used as search keys.
    Ex. An abridgement is usually taken to be a condensation that necessarily omits a number of secondary points.
    Ex. We have simply been behaving as monopolies customarily do -- shelving avoidable innovations, ducking investment risk wherever possible and keeping a beady eye on our own convenience rather than the users.
    Ex. In the normal run of things, they would be attacked by a monster from the deep or aliens from space, but here they just have to deal with polar bears.
    Ex. In the normal run of events a well-organised active minority of quite a small size can play a decisive role in the determination of a political outcome.
    * * *
    adverbio normally, usually
    * * *
    = as a rule, invariably, normally, typically, usually, customarily, in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.

    Ex: As a rule, the smaller the library the greater the variety of tasks which are allotted to assistants.

    Ex: New editions of DC are invariably greeted with cries of horror by libraries faced with this problem.
    Ex: It is normally taken to indicate that the document has been revised, if a work has progressed to a second or subsequent edition.
    Ex: Typically some parts of records can be searched and their elements used as search keys.
    Ex: An abridgement is usually taken to be a condensation that necessarily omits a number of secondary points.
    Ex: We have simply been behaving as monopolies customarily do -- shelving avoidable innovations, ducking investment risk wherever possible and keeping a beady eye on our own convenience rather than the users.
    Ex: In the normal run of things, they would be attacked by a monster from the deep or aliens from space, but here they just have to deal with polar bears.
    Ex: In the normal run of events a well-organised active minority of quite a small size can play a decisive role in the determination of a political outcome.

    * * *
    normally, usually
    normalmente no salgo por las tardes I don't usually o normally go out in the afternoon
    normalmente tardan unos dos meses en dar los resultados it usually takes a couple of months to issue the results, in the normal course of events the results take a couple of months
    * * *

    normalmente adverbio
    normally, usually
    normalmente adverbio
    1 (casi siempre) normally, usually: normalmente me levanto a las ocho, I normally get up at eight
    2 (con normalidad) normally
    ' normalmente' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    gritar
    - mayoría
    - nota
    - baño
    English:
    bear
    - break
    - carer
    - dinner
    - do
    - escape
    - get
    - gridlock
    - inner city
    - lie
    - male-dominated
    - maybe
    - mop
    - mostly
    - nightcap
    - normally
    - opposed
    - ordinarily
    - outspoken
    - overbook
    - quite
    - ridesharing
    - sloping
    - usually
    - want
    - allow
    - course
    - go
    - stay
    * * *
    usually, normally;
    normalmente se reúnen a primera hora de la mañana they usually o normally meet first thing in the morning
    * * *
    adv normally
    * * *
    generalmente: ordinarily, generally
    * * *
    normalmente adv normally / ordinarily / usually

    Spanish-English dictionary > normalmente

  • 15 dēcertātiō

        dēcertātiō ōnis, f    [decerto], a decisive struggle: rerum omnium consulibus commissa.
    * * *
    action of fighting out an issue; decision of a dispute (L+S); decisive conflict

    Latin-English dictionary > dēcertātiō

  • 16 τέλος

    τέλος, εος, τό, ([etym.] τέλλομαι, τέλλω)
    A coming to pass, performance, consummation,

    εἰ γὰρ ἐπ' ἀρῇσιν τ. ἡμετέρῃσι γένοιτο Od.17.496

    ;

    ἐν [θεοῖς] τ. ἐστὶν ὁμῶς ἀγαθῶν τε κακῶν τε Hes.Op. 669

    ; δίκη δ' ὑπὲρ ὕβριος ἴσχει ἐς τ. ἐξελθοῦσα issuing in fulfilment, execution, ib. 218;

    καθάπερ ἐκ δίκης κατὰ νόμον τ. ἐχούσης PEleph.1.12

     (iv B.C.), cf. IG12(7).67.48 (Arcesine, iv/iii B.C.);

    καθήκει νῦν [τὰν γνώμαν] ἐπὶ τέλος ἀχθῆμεν SIG793.7

     (Halasarna, i A.D.); ἔλπομαι μέν, ἐν θεῷ γε μὰν τ. Pi.O.13.105, cf. N.8.45, 10.29, D.18.193;

    ἢν θεὸς ἀγαθὸν τ. διδῷ αὐτῷ X.Cyr.3.2.29

    ;

    ἐν πείρᾳ τ. διαφαίνεται Pi.N.3.70

    ;

    ψευστήσεις, οὐδ' αὖτε τ. μύθῳ ἐπιθήσεις Il.19.107

    , cf. Isoc.5.71, 6.77; result,

    τ. δ' οὔ πώ τι πέφανται Il.2.122

    ;

    εἵως κε τ. πολέμοιο κιχείω 3.291

    ;

    ἐν γὰρ χερσὶ τ. πολέμου 16.630

    ; ἶσον τείνειεν πολέμου τ. 20. 101, cf. Hes.Th. 638 (but ἢ πολέμοιο ἢ λοιμοῖο τ. ποτιδέγμενοι the coming to pass (outbreak) of.., A.R.4.1282); τί μὰν ἀφήσει τ.; S. OC 1468 (lyr.); τί ἔσται τὸ τ. τῶν γιγνομένων τούτων ἐμοί; Hdt.1.155, cf. Isoc.6.50; ἀποίητον.. θέμεν ἔργων τ. undo things done, Pi.O.2.17; ὁδοῦ τ. S.OC 1400; φόνου τ. A.R.1.834;

    τοῦ δ' ὔμμι τέλος κρηῆναι ἔοικεν Id.3.172

    ; τῷ τ. πίστιν φέρων the outcome, S.El. 735; Ζεὺς πάντων ἐφορᾷ τ. Sol.13.17;

    ἀκόλουθον τὸ τ. ἐξέβη τοῦ κινδύνου ταῖς ἐπιβολαῖς Plb.4.11.9

    ;

    ἀμφίδοξα τὰ τ. τῶν κινδύνων αὐτοῖς ἀπέβαινε Id.18.28.11

    , cf. 18.32.12, 3.5.7;

    τ. τοιόνδε ἐγένετο τῆς μάχης Hdt. 9.22

    , cf. Plb.1.61.2; μάχης.. κεκύρωται τ. A.Ch. 874; διὰ μάχης ἥξω τέλους, = διὰ μάχης ἥξω, Id.Supp. 475; ἐπ' ἀμφότερα μαχᾶν τάμνειν τ. to seek to determine the issue of the battles in both directions, Pi.O.13.57; more generally, event,

    οὐ γὰρ ἔγωγέ τί φημι τ. χαριέστερον εἶναι ἢ ὅτε.. Od.9.5

    : in concrete sense, result, product,

    τ. εὐπεψίας αἱματικῆς πιμελὴ καὶ στέαρ Arist.PA 672a4

    , cf. GA 725b8.
    2 in contexts like Hes.Op. 669, Il.16.630 (v. supr.), τ. can be understood as power of deciding, supreme power, and so we have

    τ. μὲν Ζεὺς ἔχει.. πάντων ὅσ' ἐστί Semon.1.1

    ;

    ἐν δ' ἐμοὶ τ. αὐτοῖν γένοιτο τῆσδε τῆς μάχης πέρι S.OC 423

    ; [

    Ἄπολλον].. ὅθεν πολεμόκραντον ἁγνὸν, τ. ἐν μάχᾳ A.Th. 162

     (lyr.);

    τελέων τελειότατον κράτος, ὄλβιε Ζεῦ Id.Supp. 525

     (lyr.);

    τ. ἔχει δαίμων βροτοῖς, τ. ὅπᾳ θέλει E.Or. 1545

     (lyr.);

    τ. δ' ἐφ' ἡμῖν, εἴτε.. εἴτε.. Id.Hel. 887

    ; καὶ τοῖσ' (sc. ἰητροῖς) οὐδὲν ἔπεστι τ. they have no power or efficacy, Sol.13.58: and in the civil sphere, τ. ἔχειν, of persons, to have the power to ratify, IG12.57.25, Foed. ap. Th.4.118, Arist.Pol. 1322b13; ὅ τι ἂν δόξῃ τοῖς πλείοσι τοῦτ' εἶναι τ. the decision of the majority must be final, ib. 1317b6; κύριος ἔστω ἐπιβάλλειν κατὰ τὸ τ. shall have authority to inflict a fine up to the limit of his powers, Lexap.D.43.75;

    κατὰ τὸ τ. ζημιοῦσθαι Is.4.11

    ; τοῖς κατ' ἐμπορίαν παραγιγνομένοις μηδὲν ἔστω τ. πλὴν ἐπὶ κήρυκι ἢ γραμματεῖ Foed. ap. Plb.3.22.8; τ. ἔχειν, of things, to have decisive or final authority,

    σφῷν μὲν ἐντολὴ Διὸς ἔχει τ. δή A.Pr. 13

    ; ἡ.. τούτου αἰτίασις οὐκ ἔχει τ. has no validity, Antipho 5.89; πρὶν τ. τι αὐτῶν ἔχειν before any of the terms had validity, i.e. had been ratified, Th.5.41, cf. D.35.27; τοῦ ζῆν καὶ μὴ ζῆν τὸ τ. ἐστὶν ἐν τῷ ἀναπνεῖν the decisive difference between.., Arist.Resp. 480b19.
    3 magistracy, office,

    τ. δωδεκάμηνον Pi.N.11.9

     ( δυω- codd.); οἱ ἐν τ. men in office, magistrates, S.Aj. 1352, Ph. 385, Th.3.36; ἔξω τῶν βασιλέων καὶ τῶν μάλιστα ἐν τ. Id.1.10, cf. 6.88;

    οἱ ἐν τέλεϊ ἐόντες Hdt.3.18

    , 9.106; poet.,

    οἱ ἐν τέλει βεβῶτες S.Ant.67

    ; οἱ τὰ τ. ἔχοντες Foed. ap. Th.5.47;

    ὂρ μέγιστον τ. ἔχοι Schwyzer409.3

     (Elis, V B.C.);

    τοὺς.. τὸ ὁροφυλακικὸν τ. ἔχοντας SIG633.94

     (Milet., ii B.C.); τὸ τ. the government,

    τοιαῦτ' ἔδοξε τῷδε Καδμείων τέλει A.Th. 1030

    ; τὰ τ. the magistrates, Th. (with a masc. part. and pl. (v.l.) verb) 1.58, 4.15, X.An.2.6.4.
    4 decision, doom,

    Ζεὺς.. οἶδε, ὁπποτέρῳ θανάτοιο τ. πεπρωμένον ἐστί Il.3.309

    ;

    Κῆρες δὲ παρεστήκασι.., ἡ μὲν ἔχουσα τ. γήραος ἀργαλέου, ἡ δ' ἑτέρη θανάτοιο Mimn.2.6

    ; μήτηρ.. μέ φησι διχθαδίας Κῆρας φερέμεν θανάτοιο τέλος δέ (or τέλοσδε) Il.9.411, cf. 13.602; ἐξέφυγον θανάτου τ. Archil.6.3;

    τ. θανάτου ἀλεείνων Od.5.326

    ;

    τ. θανάτοιο κάλυψεν Il.5.553

    ;

    οὐδέ κέ μ' ὦκα τ. θανάτοιο κιχείη 9.416

    , cf. 11.451;

    ἡμετέρου θανάτοιο κακὸν τ., οἷον ἐτύχθη Od.24.124

    , cf. A.Th. 906 (lyr.):—judicial decision,

    ἀμμενῶ τ. δίκης Id.Eu. 243

    ; κύριον μένει τ. ib. 544 (lyr.); οὐκ ἔχουσα τῆς δίκης τ. not having authority to decide the case, ib. 729; ἦ κἀπ' ἐμοὶ τρέποιτ' ἂν αἰτίας τ.; will you submit the decision of this case to me? ib. 434;

    τὸ τ. κρίνειν Pl.Lg. 768b

    ; τ. ἐπιθέτω τῇ δίκῃ ib. 767a, cf. 761e, 957b; decision of an assembly, A. Supp. 603, 624; of a king, Id.Ag. 934; ἐξαιτράπης ἐὼν Ἰωνίης, τ. ἐποίησε τὴν γῆν εἶναι Μιλησίων prob. in SIG134b30 (Milet., iv B.C.); ὥς τοι ἐγὼ μύθου τ. ἐν φρεσὶ θείω the summing up or crux of the matter, Il.16.83.
    5 something done or ordered to be done, task, service, duty, γνῶ.. ὅ οἱ οὔ τι τ. κατὰ καίριον ἦλθεν on no fatal errand, Il.11.439 (nisi leg. κατακαίριον)

    ; οὐδὲ μακύνων τ. οὐδέν Pi.P.4.286

    ; ὅσοις τοῦτ' ἐπέσταλται τ. A.Eu. 743, cf. Ag. 908; μ' Ἀπόλλων τῷδ' ἐπέστησεν τέλει ib. 1202, cf. Ch. 760; ἄυπνα ὀμμάτων τέλη the wakeful duties (or services) of the eyes, E.Supp. 1137 (lyr.); ἀμφοτερᾶν τοι χαρίτων.. ζεύξω τ. the rendering of both services, Pi.I.1.6; αἰτουμένῳ μοι κοῦφον εἰ δοίης τ. a small service or favour, A.Th. 260;

    ἡξῶ ναὶ τὸν Πᾶνα κακὸν τ. αὐτίκα δωσῶν Theoc.4.47

    ; obligation to render a service or payment, ὅτε δὴ μισθοῖο τ. πολυγηθέες ὧραι ἐξέφερον the Payment(-day) of the wage, Il.21.450;

    οἱ δ' ἐλάττω τῶν ἱκανῶν κεκτημένοι, τὴν ἀναγκαίαν ἀτέλειαν ἔχοντες, ἔξω τοῦ τ. εἰσὶ τούτου D.20.19

    , cf. Poll.8.156; ἐν τέλει μαθεῖν to be taught for a fee, Id.4.46.
    6 pl., services or offerings due to the gods,

    δαίμοσιν θῦσαι θέλουσα πελανόν, ὧν τέλη τάδε A.Pers. 204

    ;

    ἔνθ' ὁρίζεται βωμοὺς τ. τ' ἔγκαρπα Κηναίῳ Διί S.Tr. 238

    ; ἔλιπον Ζηνὶ τροπαίῳ πάγχαλκα τ. Id.Ant. 143 (anap.);

    γῇ δὲ τῇδε Σισύφου σεμνὴν ἑορτὴν καὶ τέλη προσάψομεν E.Med. 1382

    ;

    θεοῖσι μικρὰ θύοντες τέλη Id.Fr.327.6

    ; of the Eleusinian mysteries, οὗ πότνιαι σεμνὰ τιθηνοῦνται τ. S.OC 1050 (lyr.), cf. Fr. 837;

    σεμνῶν ἐς ὄψιν καὶ τ. μυστηρίων E.Hipp.25

    ; called μεγάλα τ., Pl.R. 560e; rarely in sg., τοῦδε μυστικοῦ τέλους this mystic rite, A.Fr. 387; of the marriage rite,

    τ. γάμοιο Od.20.74

    , cf.A.R.4.1202, AP6.276 (Antip.); γαμήλιον τ. A.Eu. 835; τὰ νυμφικὰ τ. S.Ant. 1241;

    τ. ὁ γάμος ἐκαλεῖτο Poll.3.38

    , cf. Paus.Gr.Fr.306, Sch.Ar.Th. 982, Stob.2.7.3a.
    7 service rendered by a citizen in the Solonian constitution to the state, also his rating according to this service, θητικοῦ ἀντὶ τέλους ἱππάδ' ἀμειψάμενος Epigr. ap. Arist.Ath.7.4; τιμήματι διεῖλεν εἰς τέτταρα τ. four ratings or classes, ib.7.3; later, τὸ τῶν ἱππέων τ., Lat. ordo equester, D.C.48.45, al.
    8 dues exacted by the state, Ar.V. 658 (pl.), Pl.R. 425d (pl.); ἀγορᾶς τ. a market- toll, Ar.Ach. 896; πορνικὸν τ. Aeschin.1.119; τ. πρίασθαι, πωλεῖν, farm a tax or let it, D.24.144, Aeschin. l.c.; ἐκλέγειν. πράττειν, levy it, D.l.c., Alex.263.3, Aeschin.3.113; τελεῖν pay a tax or duty, Pl.Lg. 847b; εἰ τὰ τ. τελεῖ, ποῖον τ. τελεῖ, questions put to candidates at Athens, Din.2.17, Arist.Ath.7.4;

    τέλη κατατίθησιν Antipho 5.77

    ;

    καταβαλεῖν And.1.93

    ; freq. in Inscrr., IG12.46.12, al., SIG135.14 (Olynthus, iv B.C.), al., and Papyri, τὸ ὡρισμένον τῆς αἰτήσεως τ., etc., POxy.1473.30 (iii A.D.), cf. PCair.Zen.240.7 (iii B.C.), etc.: metaph., τέλη λύειν, v. λύω v. 2.
    9 financial means, expenditure, usu. in dat. pl., ὃς ἂν τοῖς ἰδίοις τ. μὴ ἑαυτὸν μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν πόλιν ὠφελῇ by the use of his own means, Th.6.16; κακῶς ἡμᾶς αὐτοὺς ποιούντων τέλεσι τοῖς οἰκείοις if we harm ourselves at our own expense, Id.4.60;

    ἀναγραψάτω.. τέλεσι τοῖς Λεωνίδου IG 12.56.22

    , cf. 94.14, al.;

    Χερρόνησον τοῖς αὑτοῦ τ. διορύξει D.6.30

    ;

    δημοσίοις τέλεσι Plu.Phoc.38

    : in nom. sg., μάτην γὰρ οἴκῳ σὸν τόδ' ἐκβαίη τ. E.Fr. 639.
    10 a military station or post with defined duties (cf. signf. 5), ἐλθεῖν εἰς φυλάκων ἱερὸν τ. Il.10.56; αἶψα δ' ἐπὶ Θρῃκῶν ἀνδρῶν τ. ἷξον ἰόντες ib. 470; δόρπον ἔπειθ' ἑλόμεσθα κατὰ στρατὸν ἐν τελέεσσιν at our posts, in the ranks, 11.730, cf. 18.298; later, military unit, division, squadron,

    τέλει ἑνὶ τῶν ἱππέων Th.2.22

    , cf. 4.96;

    πελταστῶν τέλη E.Rh. 311

    ;

    κατὰ τέλεα Hdt.1.103

    , 7.87, al.;

    κατὰ τέλη Th.6.42

    , Plb.11.11.6, cf. 11.15.2, Polyaen.2.1.17; in the Roman army, legion, J.AJ14.16.2, BJ1.17.9, Plu.Ant.18.56, App.BC5.87, al.
    b a force of 2048 infantry, = μεραρχία, Ascl. Tact.2.10, Arr.Tact.10.5, Ael.Tact.9.7.
    c a force of 2048 cavalry, Ascl.Tact.7.11, Arr.Tact.18.4, Ael.Tact.20.2.
    II δίρρυμά τε καὶ τρίρρυμα τέλη troops or columns of.. chariots, A.Pers.47 (anap.); of ships,

    τρία τ. ποιήσαντες τῶν νεῶν Th.1.48

    : also ὀρνίθων τέλεα flocks of birds, v.l. for γένεα, Hdt.2.64;

    τ. ἀθανάτων A.Fr. 151

     (anap.).
    12 a territorial division, Στρατικὸν τ. SIG421.44 (Acarnania, iii B.C.); Κορωνείων τὸ τ. Supp.Epigr.3.354 (Thebes, iii B.C.); τὸ Λοκρικὸν τ. GDI2070 (Delph., ii B.C.).
    II degree of completion or attainment,

    τόσσον μὲν ἔχον τ., οὔατα δ' οὔ πω.. προσέκειτο Il.18.378

    ; degree of maturity, age,

    ἐπὴν δὴ τοῦτο τ. παραμείψεται ὥρης Mimn.2.9

    ;

    ἥβης πρὶν τ. ἄκρον ἰδεῖν Simon.123

    ;

    ἥβης τ. μολόντας E.Med. 920

    ; εἰς ἀνδρὸς τ. ἰέναι man's estate, Pl.Mx. 249a;

    εἰς πρεσβύτου τ. ἀφικομένοις Id.Epin. 992d

    ;

    τὸ τῶν παίδων τ. ἄδηλον οἷ τελευτᾷ κακίας καὶ ἀρετῆς ψυχῆς τε πέρι καὶ σώματος Id.Smp. 181e

    ;

    οὐδὲ γήρως ἔβας τ. σὺν τᾷδε E.Alc. 413

     (lyr.).
    b a length of time (or space), term, course, ἀρετάς, αἷσι Κλεωνυμίδαι θάλλοντες αἰεὶ σὺν θεῷ θνατὸν διέρχονται βιότου τ. Pi.I.4(3).5(23); so perh. in E.Hipp.87 (v. infr. 3), and in διὰ τέλους (v. infr. 2 c).
    2 state of completion or maturity, τ. λαβεῖν, ἔχειν, of plants or animals, to attain maturity, Pl.Phdr. 276b, Lg. 834c, cf. 899e: hence, completion, end, finish, τ. ἐπιθεῖναι τῷ λόγῳ complete it, Id.Smp. 186a, cf. Prt. 348a; ὃ πᾶσι τοῖς προτέροις ἐπ έθηκε τ. as a finish to all his former acts, D.18.140;

    τὸ τ. τῆς σκηνῆς ἐποιήσαντο X.Cyr.2.3.24

    ;

    ταύτης.. τῆς ἡμέρας τοῦτο τὸ τ. ἐγένετο Id.An.1.10.18

    ; τ. λαβεῖν to be completed, Pl.R. 501e, Isoc.4.5;

    τ. ἔχειν Pl.Lg. 772c

    ; οὐ τ. ἵκεο μύθων didst not reach the end of thy speech, Il.9.56;

    ἐπὶ τέλους τοῦ δρόμου Pl.R. 613d

    ;

    μέχρι τοῦ τὸ προκείμενον ἐπὶ τέλος ἀχθῆναι PTeb.14.8

     (ii B.C.);

    ἑκάστων πρὸς τέλος ἀχθέντων UPZ108.29

     (ii B.C.), cf. BGU1816.11 (i B.C.);

    ἡ εἰκοστὴ τοῦ νοσήματος ἡμέρα τ. μὲν τριῶν ἑβδομάδων, ἓξ δὲ τετράδων Gal.18(2).234

    :—freq. in Adverbial phrases:
    a τέλος at last,

    ὥστε τ. ἡσυχίαν ἦγον Th.2.100

    , cf. 5.46; but most freq. at the beginning of the clause,

    μάχης δὲ καρτερῆς γενομένης, τέλος οὐδέτεροι νικήσαντες διέστησαν Hdt.1.76

    , cf.4.131, al.;

    τέλος δέ Id.1.36

    , Thgn. 1294, etc.; ἀλλὰ τ. Hdt.6.137;

    τ. μέντοι Id.5.89

    , X.HG5.4.30;

    τ. γε μέντοι S.Ant. 233

    ; καὶ τ. Hdt.4.154, Th.1.109; τό γε τ. Pl.Lg. 740e.
    b < ἐς τ. in the end, in the long run,

    πάντως ἐς τ. ἐξεφάνη Sol.13.28

    , cf. Hdt.9.37; εἰς τ. S.Ph. 409;

    θνητῶν δ' εἰς τ. ὄλβιος οὐδείς E.IA 161

     (anap.), cf. Hdt.3.40; ὁρῶντες τὴν Λιβύην εἰς τ. ἀβλαβῆ διαμένουσαν altogether, completely, Plb.1.20.7, cf. PTeb.38.11 (ii B.C.), OGI90.12 (Rosetta, ii B.C.), PSI10.1120.5 (i B.C./i A.D.); ἐς τ. ἄνυε μοίρας dub. l. in Theoc.1.93.
    c διὰ τέλους (orig. perh. from signf. 1.1 or 5, or 11.1b, through the (whole) performance or time), through to the end, completely, A.Pr. 275, S.Aj. 685, E.Supp. 270, Isoc.5.24, 8.17, 19.4; throughout, all the time, always, Antipho 5.42, Timocl.8.5, Hegesipp.Com.2.3; so

    διὰ τέλεος Hp.Acut.46

     (= διὰ παντὸς καὶ ἀεί acc. to Gal.15.618);

    διὰ τέλους ἀεί Pl.Phlb. 36e

    ; permanently, for good, τοῦ ἀφεθῆναί σε διὰ τ. PPetr.2p.45 (iii B.C.).
    e τέλει perh. in the end, S.OT 198 (lyr.).
    3 esp. τ. ἔχειν βίου to have reached the end of life, to be dead, Pl.Lg. 801e;

    ἐμοὶ μὲν τοῦ βίου τὸ τ. ἤδη πάρεστιν X.Cyr.8.7.6

    ;

    πᾶσίν ἐστιν ἀνθρώποις τ. τοῦ βίου θάνατος D.57.27

    ;

    εἰς τ. τοῦ ζῆν ἀφικνεῖσθαι S.OC 1530

    : less freq. abs., death,

    ἐλπίς ἐστι νύκτερον τ. μολεῖν A.Th. 367

     (lyr.);

    οἱ νεηνίαι οὐκέτι ἀνέστησαν ἀλλ' ἐν τέλεϊ τούτῳ ἔσχοντο Hdt.1.31

    ; ἔχει τὸ κάλλιστον τ. X.Cyr.7.3.11; ἔχει τ., = τετελεύτηκε, Laconian phrase acc. to Hsch.;

    τῶν ἤδη τ. ἐχόντων Pl.Lg. 717e

    , cf. 772c, BGU1857.7 (i B.C.); reversely,

    τ. ἔχει τινά Pl.Lg. 740c

    ;

    οἷόν σε βίου τ. εἷλε E.Rh. 735

     (anap.):—but ὀλβίως ἔλυσεν τὸ τ. βίου has paid life's toll (cf. supr.1.8), S.OC 1720 (lyr.); τὸ τ. ὁ χρόνος ἀπαιτεῖ Poet. in Mus.Script.p.452 von Jan; also

    τ. δὲ κάμψαιμ' ὥσπερ ἠρξάμην βίου E.Hipp.87

     (cf. supr. 11.1b); πρὶν ἂν πέλας (v.l. τέλος)

    γραμμῆς ἵκηται καὶ τ. κάμψῃ βίου Id.El. 955

    -6.
    4 end, cessation, ὡς δὲ πρὸς τ. γόων ἀφίκοντ' S.OC 1621; πῶς τροχηλάτου μανίας ἂν ἔλθοιμ' ἐς τ. πόνων τ' ἐμῶν; E.IT83; ὅταν δὴ πημάτων λάβῃ τ. Id.Hel. 534;

    τ. δέχει δὴ τῶν ἐμῶν προσφθεγμά των Id.Hec. 413

    ;

    ἡ μὲν οὖν ἐπανάστασις.. τοῦτο τὸ τ. ἔσχεν Hell.Oxy.10.3

    ;

    ἐπειδὴ οὐχ οἷόν τε εἰς ἄπειρον, τ. ἔσται πάσης φορᾶς Arist.Metaph.

     1074a30.
    5 end of a word, A.D.Pron.12.25, al.; of a sentence,

    ἐπὶ τέλει πρόσκειται Sor.1.43

    , cf. Gal.15.20; of a chapter or book,

    ἐπὶ τέλει ἀναλυθήσεται Archim.Sph.Cyl.2.4

    , cf. Gal.15.10;

    πρὸς τῷ τ. ῥηθήσεται Pl.Lg. 957b

    ;

    πρὸς τῷ τ. τοῦ ἐντέρου Arist.PA 675a16

    ; ἀπὸ τέλους τοῦ σταδίου, opp. ἀπὸ μέσου, Id.Ph. 239b34 (cf. infr. 111.2).
    III achievement, attainment,

    τηλοῦ ἐμοὶ νόστοιο τ. γλυκεροῖο γενέσθαι Od.22.323

    , cf. Pi.N.3.25;

    τ. δὲ τῆς ἀπαλλαγῆς τοῦ Αἰθίοπος ὧδε ἔλεγον γενέσθαι Hdt.2.139

    ; πῶς ἂν καὶ τοῦτο τοῦ τ. τυγχάνοι, i.e. might be achieved, Gem.8.36.
    2 winning-post, goal in a race,

    πρὸς τ. ὀρνύμενον B.5.45

    ; in a contest,

    ἔστιν δ' ἀφάνεια τύχας καὶ μαρναμένων, πρὶν τ. ἄκρον ἱκέσθαι Pi.I.4(3).32(50)

    ; εἰς τ. ἐλθεῖν, of runners in a race, Pl.R. 613c.
    b prize, ἔφερε πυγμᾶς τ. Pi.O.10(11).67; οὐ γὰρ ἦν πενταέθλιον ἀλλ' ἐφ' ἑκάστῳ ἔργματι κεῖτο τ. Id.I.1.27;

    ποτὶ γραμμᾷ μὲν αὐτὰν στᾶσεκοσμήσαις, τ. ἔμμεν ἄκρον Id.P.9.118

     (perh. 'to be the winning post and prize');

    κρίνεις τ. ἀρετᾶς B.10.6

    : metaph.,

    οὐκ ἔχω εἰπεῖν τίνι τοῦτο Μοῖρα τ. ἔμπεδον ὤρεξε Pi.N.7.57

    .
    3 Philos., full realization, highest point. ideal, ἅπτεσθαι τοῦ τ. Pl.Smp. 211b; πρὸς τ. ἰὼν τῶν ἐρωτικῶν ib. 210e;

    πρὸς τ. ἀρετῆς ἐλθόντα Id.Clit. 410e

    , cf. R. 613c.
    b the end or purpose of action,

    τ. εἶναι ἁπασῶν τῶν πράξεων τὸ ἀγαθόν Id.Grg. 499e

    ; freq. in Arist., EN 1094a18, al.: hence, the final cause, = τὸ οὗ ἕνεκα, Id.Metaph. 994b9, 996a26, al.; hence simply = τὸ ἀγαθόν, the chief good, Id.EN 1097a21, Zeno Stoic.1.45, etc.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > τέλος

  • 17 actuación

    f.
    1 behavior, behaviour, conduct.
    2 acting, play-acting.
    3 pretense, airs, show.
    4 judicial action, proceeding, action.
    * * *
    1 (en cine, teatro) performance
    2 (intervención) intervention, action
    3 DERECHO legal proceedings plural
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=intervención) [de cantante, deportista] performance; [de actor] acting

    actuación en directo, actuación en vivo — live performance

    2) (=espectáculo)
    3) (=acción) action
    4) (=conducta) behaviour, behavior (EEUU), conduct

    la actuación de la policía en la manifestación — the behaviour o conduct of the police at the demonstration

    5) pl actuaciones (Jur) (legal) proceedings
    * * *
    a) ( acción) action
    b) (Cin, Dep, Teatr) performance
    c) ( conducta) conduct
    d) (recital, sesión) performance, concert
    * * *
    = action, effort, initiative, performance, enactment, engagement, move, deed, action, implementation, measure.
    Ex. Americans, convinced that education could be the panacea for all their ills, answered with vigorous action.
    Ex. Co-operative, carefully planned and financed internationally backed efforts have been the keynote of more recent activity.
    Ex. These discussions will influence subsequent planning initiatives with regard to the design and layout of the new building.
    Ex. The totals and averages at the right-hand side if the screen give summary information about the performance of the vendor.
    Ex. To re-emphasize a point that cannot be over-emphasized: reading aloud to children of all ages is vital, if for no other reason, because this is the way we learn how to turn cold print into a dramatic enactment in the theater of our imagination.
    Ex. Any attempt to coerce a response without good reason based on that child's present predicament is to place in jeopardy the child's willing engagement now and in the future.
    Ex. This move has probably affirmed the future of DC.
    Ex. Books were kept for historical records of deeds done by the inhabitants: their worthy acts as well as their sins.
    Ex. Coates believed that in order to conceptualise an action it is necessary to visualise the thing on which the action is being performed.
    Ex. This software is important to the further implementation of the record format, especially in developing countries.
    Ex. If we as a society hope to deal with a very real and important issue, the implementation of this popular measure is a good place to start.
    ----
    * actuación académica = learning performance.
    * actuación como intermediario = mediating.
    * actuación común = concerted effort.
    * actuación concertada = concerted action.
    * actuación en vivo = live performance, live entertainment, live entertainment.
    * actuación estelar = star performance.
    * actuación legal = legal action, legal proceedings.
    * actuación militar = military action.
    * actuación musical = musical event, musical performance, music performance.
    * actuación positiva = positive action.
    * actuación relacionada con la información = information action.
    * actuación simbólica = symbolic action.
    * ámbito de actuación = sphere of activity, sphere of influence, arena for activity, extent of activity.
    * ámbito geográfico de actuación = catchment area.
    * área de actuación = area for action, area of policy, policy area.
    * calendario de actuación = time scale [timescale], action agenda.
    * calendario de actuaciones = action agenda.
    * campo de actuación = purview, scope, sphere of interest.
    * de actuación = for action.
    * decisión sobre qué política de actuación seguir = policy decision.
    * fase de actuación = implementation stage, stage of implementation.
    * línea de actuación = course of action, line of attack, operational line, action line, prong, line of direction.
    * llevar a cabo una actuación común = make + a concerted effort.
    * método de actuación = clinical practice.
    * organizar una actuación musical = put on + musical event.
    * pautas de actuación = best practices.
    * plan de actuación = action plan, business plan, plan of action, action statement, road map [roadmap], plan for action, response plan.
    * política de actuación = policy.
    * principio de actuación = governing principle.
    * programa de actuación = programme of action, action programme, action plan, operating programme.
    * * *
    a) ( acción) action
    b) (Cin, Dep, Teatr) performance
    c) ( conducta) conduct
    d) (recital, sesión) performance, concert
    * * *
    = action, effort, initiative, performance, enactment, engagement, move, deed, action, implementation, measure.

    Ex: Americans, convinced that education could be the panacea for all their ills, answered with vigorous action.

    Ex: Co-operative, carefully planned and financed internationally backed efforts have been the keynote of more recent activity.
    Ex: These discussions will influence subsequent planning initiatives with regard to the design and layout of the new building.
    Ex: The totals and averages at the right-hand side if the screen give summary information about the performance of the vendor.
    Ex: To re-emphasize a point that cannot be over-emphasized: reading aloud to children of all ages is vital, if for no other reason, because this is the way we learn how to turn cold print into a dramatic enactment in the theater of our imagination.
    Ex: Any attempt to coerce a response without good reason based on that child's present predicament is to place in jeopardy the child's willing engagement now and in the future.
    Ex: This move has probably affirmed the future of DC.
    Ex: Books were kept for historical records of deeds done by the inhabitants: their worthy acts as well as their sins.
    Ex: Coates believed that in order to conceptualise an action it is necessary to visualise the thing on which the action is being performed.
    Ex: This software is important to the further implementation of the record format, especially in developing countries.
    Ex: If we as a society hope to deal with a very real and important issue, the implementation of this popular measure is a good place to start.
    * actuación académica = learning performance.
    * actuación como intermediario = mediating.
    * actuación común = concerted effort.
    * actuación concertada = concerted action.
    * actuación en vivo = live performance, live entertainment, live entertainment.
    * actuación estelar = star performance.
    * actuación legal = legal action, legal proceedings.
    * actuación militar = military action.
    * actuación musical = musical event, musical performance, music performance.
    * actuación positiva = positive action.
    * actuación relacionada con la información = information action.
    * actuación simbólica = symbolic action.
    * ámbito de actuación = sphere of activity, sphere of influence, arena for activity, extent of activity.
    * ámbito geográfico de actuación = catchment area.
    * área de actuación = area for action, area of policy, policy area.
    * calendario de actuación = time scale [timescale], action agenda.
    * calendario de actuaciones = action agenda.
    * campo de actuación = purview, scope, sphere of interest.
    * de actuación = for action.
    * decisión sobre qué política de actuación seguir = policy decision.
    * fase de actuación = implementation stage, stage of implementation.
    * línea de actuación = course of action, line of attack, operational line, action line, prong, line of direction.
    * llevar a cabo una actuación común = make + a concerted effort.
    * método de actuación = clinical practice.
    * organizar una actuación musical = put on + musical event.
    * pautas de actuación = best practices.
    * plan de actuación = action plan, business plan, plan of action, action statement, road map [roadmap], plan for action, response plan.
    * política de actuación = policy.
    * principio de actuación = governing principle.
    * programa de actuación = programme of action, action programme, action plan, operating programme.

    * * *
    A
    1 (acción) performance
    el premio a la mejor actuación the prize for the best performance
    es un buen guión pero la actuación es pésima the script is good but the acting is appalling
    la brillante actuación del equipo/del abogado the team's/lawyer's brilliant performance
    criticó la actuación de la policía he criticized the conduct of the police
    2 (recital, sesión) performance
    3 ( Ling) performance
    B actuaciones fpl ( Der) proceedings (pl)
    podría dar lugar a actuaciones penales it could give rise to criminal proceedings
    * * *

     

    actuación sustantivo femenino

    b) (Cin, Dep, Teatr) performance;



    d) (recital, sesión) performance, concert

    actuación sustantivo femenino
    1 (interpretación, participación) performance
    2 (intervención) intervention, action: su actuación fue decisiva para que no murieran ahogados, her intervention was decisive in preventing them from drowning
    ' actuación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ámbito
    - arbitrariedad
    - broche
    - concertar
    - intervención
    - operación
    - papelón
    - teatralidad
    - aprobación
    - aprobar
    - bravo
    - brillante
    - cometido
    - desafortunado
    - deslucido
    - destacado
    - discreto
    - espontáneo
    - improvisación
    - irrepetible
    - lucido
    - magistral
    - notable
    - papel
    - pobre
    - precipitado
    - rematar
    - sobresaliente
    - valorar
    - vivo
    English:
    appearance
    - booking
    - gig
    - impromptu
    - match up
    - number
    - optimum
    - performance
    - scintillating
    - showing
    - spirited
    - unconvincing
    - uninspired
    - wooden
    - action
    - cameo
    - feature
    - highlight
    - star
    - venue
    * * *
    1. [conducta, proceder] conduct, behaviour
    2. [interpretación] performance;
    la actuación del protagonista es excelente the main character gives an excellent performance;
    esta tarde vamos a una actuación de unos cómicos we're going to a comedy show this evening;
    con la actuación estelar de… starring…;
    tuvo una actuación muy decepcionante she gave a very disappointing performance
    3. Der
    actuaciones proceedings
    4. Ling performance
    * * *
    f
    1 TEA performance
    2 ( intervención) intervention
    3
    :
    actuaciones pl JUR proceedings
    * * *
    actuación nf, pl - ciones
    1) : performance
    2) actuaciones nfpl
    diligencias: proceedings
    * * *
    1. (representación) performance
    2. (acción) action

    Spanish-English dictionary > actuación

  • 18 firme

    adj.
    1 firm.
    2 solid.
    3 resolute.
    ¡firmes! (military) attention!
    4 single-minded, firm.
    5 secure, strong, firm.
    adv.
    hard.
    mantenerse firme en to hold fast to
    se mantuvo firme en su actitud he refused to give way, he stood his ground
    m.
    road surface.
    pres.subj.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: firmar.
    * * *
    1 (estable) firm, steady
    2 (color) fast
    1 (pavimento) road surface
    1 hard
    \
    de firme hard
    en firme firm
    estar en lo firme to be in the right
    ¡firmes! MILITAR attention!
    mantenerse firme figurado to hold one's ground
    * * *
    adj.
    1) firm
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [mesa, andamio] steady; [terreno] firm, solid
    2) [paso] firm, steady; [voz] firm; [mercado, moneda] steady; [candidato] strong
    3) [amistad, apoyo] firm, strong; [decisión, convicción] firm

    estar en lo firme — † to be in the right

    4) [sentencia] final
    5) (Mil)

    ¡firmes! — attention!

    ponerse firmes — to come o stand to attention

    2.
    ADV hard
    3.
    SM (Aut) road surface

    firme del suelo — (Arquit) rubble base (of floor)

    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) <escalera/silla/mesa> steady

    pisar terreno firme — to be on safe o firm o solid ground

    con paso/pulso firme — with a firm step/steady hand

    de firme — <estudiar/trabajar> hard

    b) ( color) fast
    c) < candidato> strong
    2) (Mil)

    en posición de firmes — standing at o (BrE) to attention

    3)
    a) < persona> firm

    se mantuvo firme — (ante las presiones, el enemigo) she stood her ground

    me mantuve firme en mi postura/idea — I stuck o kept to my position/idea

    b) (delante del n) <creencia/convicción> firm
    II
    masculino road surface
    * * *
    = firm [firmer -comp., firmest -sup.], powerful, sound [sounder -comp., soundest -sup.], strong [stronger -comp., strongest -sup.], uncompromising, steadfast, assertive, adamant, taut [tauter -comp., tautest -sup.], tight [tighter -comp., tightest -sup.], uncompromised, staunch [stanch, -USA], rock solid, unswerving, toned.
    Ex. Full consideration of the above factors should form a firm basis for the design of an effective thesaurus or list of subject headings.
    Ex. Because DOBIS/LIBIS integrates the authority files into the cataloguing process, it provides a unique and very powerful authority file facility.
    Ex. Thus the scheme has a sound organisational backing.
    Ex. In fact, the 1979 index figures show a strong contrast between the hardback and paperback turnovers, with the hardback market being down and the paperback market up.
    Ex. What precipitated that furor was that Panizzi's volume represented a uncompromising rejection of the comfortable ideology of the finding catalog.
    Ex. He does admit, however, that 'this power is unusual, it is a gift which must be cultivated, an accomplishment which can only be acquired by vigorous and steadfast concentration'.
    Ex. I tried to say at the very outset of my remarks that there probably has not been sufficient consumer-like and assertive leverage exerted upon our chief suppliers.
    Ex. The point is that even our most adamant, conservative faculty members are slowly dribbling in and saying, 'Could you add our name to your selective dissemination of information service?'.
    Ex. While the stencil is held taut, the cylinder is slowly rotated until the bottom edge of the wax sheet can be clamped in position.
    Ex. The platen was lashed up tight to the toe of the spindle by cords which connected hooks at its four corners to another set of hooks at the four lower corners of the hose.
    Ex. The Gazette advocated uncompromised racial equality and viewed the migration as a weapon against oppression.
    Ex. This article reviews the work of Professor Kaula, the staunch crusader of librarianship in India.
    Ex. The numbers in the ad, which are quite eye-opening, are rock-solid.
    Ex. His mistaken assumption that cult heroes are supermen, and his unswerving devotion to an empirical testing of the play impose significant limitations on his account.
    Ex. If you are shorter or have very nice toned legs without veins, scars or dark hair, I say take the skirt up a few inches if you want.
    ----
    * adoptar una postura firme ante una cuestión = take + position on + issue.
    * con pie firme = sure-footed.
    * en tierra firme = on dry land.
    * mantener firme = keep + steady, hold in + line, hold + steady.
    * mantenerse firme = stand + Posesivo + ground, stick to + Posesivo + guns.
    * permanecer firm = stay in + place.
    * poco firme = tenuous, rocky [rockier -comp., rockiest -sup.].
    * ponerse firme = stand to + attention.
    * senos firmes y de punta = pert breasts.
    * sobre suelo firme = on firm footing.
    * terreno firme = safe ground, solid ground.
    * tierra firme = solid ground.
    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) <escalera/silla/mesa> steady

    pisar terreno firme — to be on safe o firm o solid ground

    con paso/pulso firme — with a firm step/steady hand

    de firme — <estudiar/trabajar> hard

    b) ( color) fast
    c) < candidato> strong
    2) (Mil)

    en posición de firmes — standing at o (BrE) to attention

    3)
    a) < persona> firm

    se mantuvo firme — (ante las presiones, el enemigo) she stood her ground

    me mantuve firme en mi postura/idea — I stuck o kept to my position/idea

    b) (delante del n) <creencia/convicción> firm
    II
    masculino road surface
    * * *
    = firm [firmer -comp., firmest -sup.], powerful, sound [sounder -comp., soundest -sup.], strong [stronger -comp., strongest -sup.], uncompromising, steadfast, assertive, adamant, taut [tauter -comp., tautest -sup.], tight [tighter -comp., tightest -sup.], uncompromised, staunch [stanch, -USA], rock solid, unswerving, toned.

    Ex: Full consideration of the above factors should form a firm basis for the design of an effective thesaurus or list of subject headings.

    Ex: Because DOBIS/LIBIS integrates the authority files into the cataloguing process, it provides a unique and very powerful authority file facility.
    Ex: Thus the scheme has a sound organisational backing.
    Ex: In fact, the 1979 index figures show a strong contrast between the hardback and paperback turnovers, with the hardback market being down and the paperback market up.
    Ex: What precipitated that furor was that Panizzi's volume represented a uncompromising rejection of the comfortable ideology of the finding catalog.
    Ex: He does admit, however, that 'this power is unusual, it is a gift which must be cultivated, an accomplishment which can only be acquired by vigorous and steadfast concentration'.
    Ex: I tried to say at the very outset of my remarks that there probably has not been sufficient consumer-like and assertive leverage exerted upon our chief suppliers.
    Ex: The point is that even our most adamant, conservative faculty members are slowly dribbling in and saying, 'Could you add our name to your selective dissemination of information service?'.
    Ex: While the stencil is held taut, the cylinder is slowly rotated until the bottom edge of the wax sheet can be clamped in position.
    Ex: The platen was lashed up tight to the toe of the spindle by cords which connected hooks at its four corners to another set of hooks at the four lower corners of the hose.
    Ex: The Gazette advocated uncompromised racial equality and viewed the migration as a weapon against oppression.
    Ex: This article reviews the work of Professor Kaula, the staunch crusader of librarianship in India.
    Ex: The numbers in the ad, which are quite eye-opening, are rock-solid.
    Ex: His mistaken assumption that cult heroes are supermen, and his unswerving devotion to an empirical testing of the play impose significant limitations on his account.
    Ex: If you are shorter or have very nice toned legs without veins, scars or dark hair, I say take the skirt up a few inches if you want.
    * adoptar una postura firme ante una cuestión = take + position on + issue.
    * con pie firme = sure-footed.
    * en tierra firme = on dry land.
    * mantener firme = keep + steady, hold in + line, hold + steady.
    * mantenerse firme = stand + Posesivo + ground, stick to + Posesivo + guns.
    * permanecer firm = stay in + place.
    * poco firme = tenuous, rocky [rockier -comp., rockiest -sup.].
    * ponerse firme = stand to + attention.
    * senos firmes y de punta = pert breasts.
    * sobre suelo firme = on firm footing.
    * terreno firme = safe ground, solid ground.
    * tierra firme = solid ground.

    * * *
    A
    1 ‹escalera/silla/mesa› steady
    edificar sobre terreno firme to build on solid ground
    tenemos que asegurarnos de que pisamos terreno firme we must make sure that we're not treading on dangerous ground
    tener las carnes firmes to have a firm body
    se acercó con paso firme he approached with a determined o firm step
    con pulso firme with a firm o steady hand
    una oferta en firme a firm offer
    un fallo a firme an enforceable o executable judgment
    de firme hard
    estudiar de firme to study hard
    2 (color) fast
    3 ‹candidato› strong
    B ( Mil):
    ¡firmes! attention!
    estaban en posición de firmes they were standing to attention
    C
    1 ‹persona› firm
    tienes que mostrarte más firme con él you have to be firmer with him
    se mantuvo firme she remained firm, she stood her ground, she did not waver
    2 ( delante del n) ‹creencia/convicción› firm
    su firme apoyo a los detenidos their firm support for the prisoners
    D ( Per fam) (excelente) excellent, brilliant ( colloq)
    road surface
    firme deslizante slippery surface
    ( Chi fam)
    la firme the truth
    te diré la firme I'll be honest with you o I'll tell you the truth
    * * *

     

    Del verbo firmar: ( conjugate firmar)

    firmé es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

    firme es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    firmar    
    firme
    firmar ( conjugate firmar) verbo transitivo/intransitivo
    to sign
    firme adjetivo
    1 ‹escalera/silla/mesa› steady;

    con paso/pulso firme with a firm step/steady hand;
    una oferta en firme a firm offer;
    de firme ‹estudiar/trabajar› hard
    2 (Mil):
    ◊ ¡firmes! attention!

    3
    a) ‹ persona› firm;


    me mantuve firme en mi idea I stuck o kept to my idea
    b) ( delante del n) ‹creencia/convicción› firm

    firmar verbo transitivo to sign
    firme
    I adjetivo
    1 firm: se mantuvo firme ante la oposición, she stood firm against the opposition
    II m (pavimento de carretera) road surface
    III adv (con constancia) firm, firmly, hard
    IV excl Mil ¡firmes! attention!
    ♦ Locuciones: de firme, firm, hard
    en firme, definitive
    ' firme' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    hasta
    - inquebrantable
    - plantarse
    - pulso
    - roca
    - terrestre
    - actitud
    - enérgico
    - paso
    - postura
    - propósito
    - tierra
    English:
    adamant
    - assertive
    - deploy
    - exploit
    - fast
    - firm
    - govern
    - hard
    - hold
    - land
    - name
    - secure
    - self-assertion
    - self-assertive
    - shaky
    - shore
    - solid
    - steadfast
    - steady
    - stiff
    - stout
    - strong
    - surface
    - unsteady
    - unwavering
    - wonky
    - attention
    - decisive
    - definite
    - ground
    - intention
    - march
    - sound
    - sure
    - unbending
    - wobbly
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [fuerte, sólido] firm;
    [andamio, construcción] stable; [pulso] steady; [paso] resolute;
    tiene unos principios muy firmes she has very firm principles, she's extremely principled;
    tiene la firme intención de resolver el problema she fully intends to solve the problem, she has every intention of solving the problem;
    llovió de firme durante varias horas it rained hard for several hours
    2. [argumento, base] solid;
    trabaja de firme en el nuevo proyecto she's working full-time on the new project;
    una respuesta en firme a definite answer;
    quedamos en firme para el miércoles we are definitely agreed on Wednesday;
    tenemos un acuerdo en firme para intercambiar información we have a firm agreement to exchange information
    3. [carácter, actitud] resolute;
    hay que mostrarse firme con los empleados you have to be firm with the workers;
    Fam
    poner firme a alguien to bring sb into line
    4. Mil
    ¡firmes! attention!;
    en la posición de firmes standing to attention
    ♦ nm
    road surface;
    firme en mal estado [en letrero] uneven road surface
    ♦ adv
    hard;
    mantenerse firme en to hold fast to;
    se mantuvo firme en su actitud he refused to give way, he stood his ground
    * * *
    I adj
    1 firm; ( estable) steady; ( sólido) solid;
    2 MIL
    :
    ¡ firmes! attention!;
    poner firme a alguien fig fam take a firm line with s.o.
    II m pavement, Br
    road surface
    III adv
    :
    trabajar firme work hard
    * * *
    firme adj
    1) : firm, resolute
    2) : steady, stable
    * * *
    firme1 adj
    1. (estable) steady [comp. steadier; superl. steadiest]
    2. (constante) firm
    firme2 n road surface

    Spanish-English dictionary > firme

  • 19 rigoros

    I Adj. rigorous; (streng) severe, austere; (unerbittlich) adamant, unrelenting; rigorose Maßnahmen / Kontrollen rigorous measures / controls; da ist sie ganz rigoros she’s quite adamant ( oder insistent) about that
    II Adv.: etw. rigoros ablehnen adamantly refuse s.th.; rigoros durchgreifen take rigorous action; rigoros vorgehen gegen take rigorous measures against
    * * *
    stringent; rigorous
    * * *
    ri|go|ros [rigo'roːs]
    1. adj
    rigorous

    ich bleibe dabei, da bin ich ganz rigorós — I'm sticking to that, I'm adamant

    2. adv
    ablehnen rigorously; kürzen auch drastically

    rigorós durchgreifen — to take decisive action

    * * *
    ri·go·ros
    [rigoˈro:s]
    adj rigorous
    vielleicht sollten Sie in dieser Frage weniger \rigoros sein perhaps you ought to be less adamant on this issue
    * * *
    1.
    Adjektiv rigorous
    2.
    adverbial rigorously
    * * *
    A. adj rigorous; (streng) severe, austere; (unerbittlich) adamant, unrelenting;
    rigorose Maßnahmen/Kontrollen rigorous measures/controls;
    da ist sie ganz rigoros she’s quite adamant ( oder insistent) about that
    B. adv:
    etwas rigoros ablehnen adamantly refuse sth;
    rigoros durchgreifen take rigorous action;
    rigoros vorgehen gegen take rigorous measures against
    * * *
    1.
    Adjektiv rigorous
    2.
    adverbial rigorously

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > rigoros

  • 20 crítico

    adj.
    1 critical, significant, decisive, consequential.
    2 critical, censorious.
    3 critical, discerning, discriminating.
    4 criterial.
    5 breakeven, break-even.
    m.
    1 critic, judge, reviewer.
    2 critic, criticizer, aristarch, carper.
    * * *
    1 critical
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 critic
    * * *
    1. noun mf. 2. (f. - crítica)
    adj.
    * * *
    crítico, -a
    1.

    encontrarse en un estado crítico — (Med) to be in a critical condition

    2.
    SM / F critic

    crítico/a cinematográfico/a — film critic

    crítico/a de arte — art critic

    crítico/a de cine — film critic

    crítico/a literario/a — literary critic

    crítico/a musical — music critic

    crítica
    * * *
    I
    - ca adjetivo
    1) <análisis/estudio> critical
    2) (decisivo, crucial) critical

    está en la edad crítica — ( en la adolescencia) she's at that difficult age; ( en la menopausia) (fam & euf) she's going through the change (colloq & euph)

    II
    - ca masculino, femenino critic
    * * *
    I
    - ca adjetivo
    1) <análisis/estudio> critical
    2) (decisivo, crucial) critical

    está en la edad crítica — ( en la adolescencia) she's at that difficult age; ( en la menopausia) (fam & euf) she's going through the change (colloq & euph)

    II
    - ca masculino, femenino critic
    * * *
    crítico1
    1 = critic, reviewer, whistle-blower.

    Ex: Other critics have turned attention to the order of the main classes in DC.

    Ex: In addition to her reputation as a leading expert in information control, Phyllis Richmond is another of ISAD's official reviewers of the AACR2's draft.
    Ex: Whistle-blowers are natural allies to the extent that they provide material that makes corrections and provides new ideas that the authorities overlooked or tried to suppress.
    * crítico de arte = art critic.
    * crítico de baile = dance critic.
    * crítico de cine = film critic.
    * crítico de música = music critic.
    * crítico literario = literary critic, book reviewer.
    * críticos + no estar de acuerdo = critics + be divided.
    * haber división de opiniones entre los críticos = critics + be divided.

    crítico2
    2 = critical, censorial, censorious, discerning, discriminating.

    Ex: A study then of the underlying features of the classification process and the components of a classification scheme is a preparation for the more critical and informed application of classification schemes.

    Ex: As chairman he objected to reduction of library budgets and to censorial interference in library work.
    Ex: Some librarians are concerned that the censorious climate is affecting the acquisition of school library materials.
    Ex: Moreover, the shady image of video libraries drove away discerning customers.
    Ex: Previous work has suggested that the most discriminating terms are those with medium frequencies of occurrence.
    * actitud crítica = critical eye.
    * adoptar una postura crítica sobre = take + a critical view of.
    * alcanzar masa crítica = reach + critical mass, achieve + critical mass.
    * análisis crítico = critical analysis, critical eye.
    * bibliografía crítica = critical bibliography.
    * capacidad crítica = critical awareness, critical faculty, critical skills.
    * comentario crítico = critical comment, critical commentary.
    * desde un punto de vista crítico = judgmentally [judgementally], critically.
    * de un modo crítico = critically.
    * edición crítica = critical edition.
    * espíritu critico = critical spirit.
    * estudio crítico del estado de la cuestión = review, review.
    * evaluación crítica = critical evaluation.
    * examen crítico = critical examination.
    * falto de sentido crítico = uncritical.
    * juicio crítico = critical judgement.
    * masa crítica = critical mass.
    * muy crítico = highly critical.
    * no crítico = non-critical.
    * pensamiento crítico = critical thinking.
    * reseña crítica = critical review, critical survey.
    * resumen crítico = critical abstract.
    * situación crítica = critical situation.

    crítico3
    3 = critical, life threatening.

    Ex: Needless to say, this technique is relatively slow but can be valuable if retrieval speed is not critical.

    Ex: The study also investigated whether persons who had consulted the book before committing suicide had life threatening medical illnesses.
    * alcanzar el punto crítico = come to + a head.
    * cuestión crítica = critical issue.
    * material crítico = critical matter.
    * punto crítico = turning point, Posesivo + road to Damascus.

    * * *
    crítico1 -ca
    A ‹análisis/estudio› critical
    para desarrollar el sentido crítico en el alumno to develop the student's critical awareness
    ser crítico de algo to be critical of sth
    B (decisivo, crucial) critical
    se encuentra en estado crítico she is in a critical condition
    el reactor se encuentra en estado crítico the reactor is in a critical state
    (en la menopausia) ( fam euf) she's going through the change ( colloq euph); (en la adolescencia) she's at that difficult age
    crítico2 -ca
    masculine, feminine
    critic
    crítico literario/de arte literary/art critic
    crítico de cine or cinematográfico movie critic, film critic
    * * *

     

    Del verbo criticar: ( conjugate criticar)

    critico es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    criticó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    criticar    
    crítico
    criticar ( conjugate criticar) verbo transitivo

    b) (Art, Espec, Lit) ‹libro/película› to review

    verbo intransitivo
    to gossip, backbite
    crítico
    ◊ -ca adjetivo

    critical
    ■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
    critic
    criticar
    I verbo transitivo to criticize
    II verbo intransitivo (murmurar) to gossip
    crítico,-a
    I adjetivo critical
    II sustantivo masculino y femenino critic

    ' crítico' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    censor
    - censora
    - crítica
    - grave
    - implacable
    English:
    critic
    - critical
    - head
    - judgemental
    - judgmental
    - muzzle
    - reflection
    - reviewer
    - uncritical
    - vital
    - critically
    - damning
    - discriminate
    - remain
    - single
    * * *
    crítico, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [estudio, análisis, actitud] critical;
    es un informe muy crítico con la policía the report is very critical of the police
    2. [decisivo] critical;
    el enfermo está en estado crítico the patient is in a critical condition;
    está en una edad crítica he is at a critical age
    ♦ nm,f
    [persona] critic crítico de arte art critic;
    crítico de cine movie o Br film critic;
    crítico cinematográfico movie o Br film critic;
    crítico literario literary critic;
    crítico teatral theatre critic;
    crítico de teatro theatre critic
    * * *
    I adj critical
    II m, crítica f critic
    * * *
    crítico, -ca adj
    : critical
    crítico, -ca n
    : critic
    * * *
    crítico1 adj critical
    crítico2 n critic

    Spanish-English dictionary > crítico

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См. также в других словарях:

  • decisive — ► ADJECTIVE 1) settling an issue quickly. 2) able to make decisions quickly. DERIVATIVES decisively adverb decisiveness noun …   English terms dictionary

  • decisive — decided, decisive 1. Both words have to do with decision and decision making, and their meanings overlap; but there are clear differences. When used of people, decided means ‘having clear opinions’ and decisive means ‘able to decide quickly’;… …   Modern English usage

  • decisive — adjective 1》 settling an issue quickly and effectively: a decisive battle. 2》 able to make decisions quickly. Derivatives decisively adverb decisiveness noun …   English new terms dictionary

  • decisive — adj. 1 that decides an issue; conclusive. 2 (of a person, esp. as a characteristic) able to decide quickly and effectively. Derivatives: decisively adv. decisiveness n. Etymology: F deacutecisif ive f. med.L decisivus (as DECIDE) …   Useful english dictionary

  • immaterial issue — (law) An issue which is not decisive of any part of the litigation, as opposed to a material issue, one which necessarily involves some part of the rights in controversy • • • Main Entry: ↑issue …   Useful english dictionary

  • France — /frans, frahns/; Fr. /frddahonns/, n. 1. Anatole /ann nann tawl /, (Jacques Anatole Thibault), 1844 1924, French novelist and essayist: Nobel prize 1921. 2. a republic in W Europe. 58,470,421; 212,736 sq. mi. (550,985 sq. km). Cap.: Paris. 3.… …   Universalium

  • Peter Taaffe — (born 1942) is the general secretary of the Socialist Party of England and Wales and a member of the International Executive Committee of the Committee for a Workers International (CWI) which claims over 35 sections in countries around the world …   Wikipedia

  • Pier Giuseppe Monateri — is Professor of Private Law at the University of Turin Faculty of Law; Member of the Academy of Sciences University of Bologna; Member of the International Academy of Comparative Law; Vice President of the Italian Association of Law and… …   Wikipedia

  • Living Marxism — was originally launched in 1988 as the journal of the Revolutionary Communist Party (RCP). It was later rebranded as LM Magazine and folded in March 2000 following an adverse ruling in a libel lawsuit brought by the British news corporation,… …   Wikipedia

  • Howard Government — The Howard Government refers to the federal Executive Government of Australia for the 11 years that John Howard was Prime Minister. This government began on 11 March 1996 after the electoral defeat of the previous Keating Government. The… …   Wikipedia

  • Battle of Leuctra — Infobox Military Conflict conflict=Battle of Leuctra partof=the post Peloponnesian War conflicts caption= date=371 BC place=Boeotia result=Decisive Theban victory combatant1=Thebes combatant2=Sparta commander1=Epaminondas commander2=Cleombrotus I …   Wikipedia

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